Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P 1
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neuron | Nerve cell, conducts electricity (action potential) |
| Neuroglia | (glial cells) support, do NOT conduct electricity |
| CNS | central nervous system, contains brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | peripheral nervous system, sensory receptors, sense organs, nerves (bundle of many neurons) |
| somatic receptors | monitor outside world (eyes, ears) |
| visceral receptors | messages happening from within |
| afferent division | incoming sensory |
| the central nervous system does what? | the information processing |
| efferent division | motor neuron (outgoing message) |
| somatic nervous system | you're aware of this action, goes to skeletal muscle |
| autonomic nervous system | happening on its own, goes to parasympathetic or sympathetic , which both go to either smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or glands |
| parasympathetic | rest/digest |
| sympathetic | fight/flight |
| hopeless fear | extreme parasympathetic (shock) |
| how many types of neuron structures? | 3: multipolar, bipolar, unipolar |
| multipolar neuron | longer extension (axon) common in CNS, include all motor neurons |
| unipolar neuron | sensory neurons of PNS body offset on top |
| bipolar neuron | body in center, special sensory organs like sight hearing smell. |
| synaptic terminal | end of synapse (message) |
| dendrites | receive electricity toward body to end of axon |
| sensory neurons | afferent (incoming) |
| motor neurons | efferent (outgoing) |
| interneurons | association neurons (middle) |
| how many types of neuroglia in CNS? | 4 types: astrocytes, oligodendrites, microglia, ependymal cells |
| astrocytes | (guard dog) form Brain-Blood Barrier (Bouncer) determine what can leave blood and come into brain environment |
| oligodendrites | organize neurons, create myelin sheath of neurons in brain and spinal cord |
| microglia | smallest of 4 cells (phagocytes) clean up after everyone (mom) |
| ependymal cells | make CSF |
| myelin sheath | protection of electricity |
| how many types of neuroglia in PNS? | 2 types: satelitte cells, schwann cells |
| satellite cells | regulate environment |
| schwann cells | make myelin sheath |
| unmyelinated in the brain | gray matter |
| myelinated in the brain | white matter, contains a lot of fat |
| Action potential | nerve impulse (think of the wave @ a game) must complete cycle |
| 4 things needed for action potential in cell | semi-permeable membrane, Na+/K+ pump creates gradient, membrane becomes polarized, creates transmembrane potential ~-.70mVolts |
| opening sodium channel does what? | negates charge and polarization becoming depolarized |
| polarized | resting potential |
| depolarization | standing up in the wave |
| depolarized | action potential |
| repolarization | sitting back down in the wave |
| hyperpolarization | membrane is -150mVolts dropping number further from zero, makes it harder to depolarize (membrane in a coma) |
| resting potential | transmembrane potential of a resting cell (polarized) |
| action potential | Electrical impulse, propagates (moves) along axis to synaptic terminal (depolarized) |
| which part is depolarization in a sodium potassium cell | gated Na+ opens flooding cell with Na+ |
| how do you repolarize cell once Na+ channel opens? | open K+ gate, shut Na+ |
| what happens at synapses? | communication occurs among neurons or between neurons and other cells, action potential is transmitted from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron |
| innervation | neuron talking to another neuron, top neuron delivering info |
| presynaptic neuron | top neuron |
| postsynaptic neuron | neuron on bottom receiving message |
| excitatory neurotransmitter | causes depolarization, promotes action potential |
| inhibitory neurotransmitter | causes hyperpolarization, suppress action potential |
| effect of message depends on what? | receptor |
| how many types of synapses are there? | 2 types: cholinergic, adrenergic |
| cholinergic | receives ach |
| adrenergic | receives NE (norepinephrine, noradrenaline) |
| what happens when message reaches synaptic terminal? | speaking about ach, you can put it back into cell through reuptake in axon, the ach will diffuse out, or AChE (enzyme eats all of the excess ach) |
| brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 layers of what? | meninges |
| what are the 3 meningeal layers? | dura mater (outer and inner) arachnoid, pia mater |
| dura mater | tough and fibrous first layer of meninges (outer and inner layer) |
| arachnoid | middle layer of meninges |
| pia mater | innermost layer of meninges (most delicate) |
| 6 regions of brain | cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum |
| cerebrum | largest part of the brain, controls higher mental functions, conciousness (somatic: sensing, moving, thinking) |
| cerebrum tissue | unmyelinated (gray matter; cortical) myelinated (white matter; deep; medulla) |
| lobes in cerebrum | frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe |
| frontal lobe | motor control (somatic) |
| parietal lobe | sensory control (somatic) |
| occipital lobe | visual cortex |
| temporal lobe | auditory complex, balance |
| diencephalon | (2 heads) located under cerebrum and cerebellum. contains thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland (part of epithalamus) |
| hypothalamus | (boss) autonomic regulation, regulates, breathing, heart, temp rate |
| pineal gland | sleep |
| pituitary gland | (supervisor) secondary major endocrine gland |
| brain stem | contains pons and medulla oblongata |
| pons | somatic and visceral motor control |
| medulla oblongata | autonomic functions, HR BP digestion |
| how many pairs of cranial nerves? | 12 |
| cerebellum | second largest part of brain, coordinates body movesments (walking, driving etc) posterior, if severely injured, very challenging to walk again |
| cerebrospinal fluid | carries dissolved gases, nutrients, and wastes (different then blood so outside stuff doesn't get in. |
| choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle | contains epindymal cells |
| how many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 |
| anterior median fissure | front split so you know what is the front |
| dorsal root from top of cortex | wider, bulb area called dorsal root ganglion (filled with unipolar neurons) sensory neuron message going in |
| bottom root of cortex | ventral root (motor neuron message going out) |
| how many cervical nerves? | 8 |
| how many sacral nerves? | 5 |
| thoracic and lumbar nerves? | 12/5 |
| cranial nerves | 4 types, come from mid brain (sensory nerves, special sensory nerves, motor nerves, mixed) |
| sensory nerves | sensing |
| special sensory nerves | eyes ears etc |
| motor nerves | muscle/ gland |
| mixed nerves | both sensing and motor in them |
| olfactory nerve | (I) smell (special) |
| optic nerve | (II) vision (special) |
| oculomotor nerve | (III) eye movement (motor) |
| trochlear nerve | (IV) eye movement (motor) |
| trigeminal nerve | (V) spider man face area (mixed sensory and motor) |
| abducens nerve | (VI) eye movement (motor) |
| facial nerves | (VII) facial (mixed ) |
| vestibulocochlear nerve | (VIII) balance equilibreum, hearing |
| glossopharyngeal | (IX) head and neck (mixed) |
| vagus nerve | (X) parasympathetic thorax and abdomen (mixed) |
| accessory nerves | (XI) muscles of neck/upper back (motor) |
| hypoglossal nerves | (XII) tongue movement (motor) |
| nerve plexuses | network of nerve fibres, control skeletal muscles of the neck/limbs |
| cervical plexus | c1-c5 controls muscles of neck, upper chest, phrenic nerve in this plexus |
| brachial plexus | c5-t1 whole arm and shoulder |
| phrenic nerve | innervates diaphragm |
| lumbar plexus | t12-l4 upper leg |
| sacral plexus | l4-s4 lower leg |
| dermatomes | follow specific line |
| reflexes | simple vs complex (3 parts) generally opposes original negative feedback |
| withdrawal reflex | placing hand on nail example: arrival of stimulus, activation of sensory neuron (dorsal root), information processing in CNS, activation of motor neuron (ventral root), response by effector |
| how do we know not to do same thing again (ie hand on nail) | collateral |
| autonomic nervous system | sympathetic vs parasympathetic, operates w/o conscious instruction, controls visceral effectors (internal organs), coordinates system functions (allows to be integrated) |
| sympathetic | fight/flight, increases alertness, metabolic rate and muscular abilities |
| parasympathetic | rest/digest reduces metabolic rate and promotes digestion to extract nutrients and energy, gi mobility |
| parasympathetic ganglia | close to target, some cases inside organ itself, craniosacral origin |
| sympathetic ganglia | far away from target, close to spinal cord, thoracolumbar origin |
| eye | sympathetic: dilation of pupil, parasympathetic: construction of pupil |
| blood vessels | sympathetic: vasoconstriction and vasodilation parasympathetic: not innervated |
| heart | sympathetic: increase in HR/BP parasympathetic: decreases everything |
| airways | sympathetic: increases diameter parasympathetic: decreases diameter |
| respiratory rate | sympathetic: increases rate parasympathetic: decreases rate |
| adipose tissue | sympathetic: lipid breakdown, fatty acid released parasympathetic: none |
Created by:
purplepurn
Popular Respiratory Therapy sets