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PSY 201 Final
Final Review Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Binet Intelligence Test | First developed IQ test; France, 1905. Used to separate slower learners from the normal ones. |
| General Intelligence (g) | Relation by Spearman that a single factor accounts for overall differences in intelligence. |
| Specific Abilities (s) | Spearman determined that there are factors, known as specific abilities, that dictate an ability level in a narrow domain. |
| Fluid Intelligence | The capacity to learn new ways of solving problems. |
| Crystallized Intelligence | Accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time. |
| Multiple Intelligences | Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill. |
| Frames of Mind Theory | Gardner's theory for multiple intelligences. Maintains 8 intelligence types for "thinking about the world": linguistic, logico-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. |
| Triarchic Model of Intelligence | Sternberg's model of three largely distinct intelligences that are also in conjunction. Intelligences: Analytical (book smart), Practical (street smart), and Creative (creativity). |
| Original IQ Calculation | [ Mental Age / Chronological Age ] x 100 = IQ |
| IQ Distribution | Distributed over a bell curve ranging from 70-130. Average is 100 with deviations in either way in increments of 30. |
| Classification of Mental Retardation and Genius | Mental Retardation = onset prior to adulthood, IQ below about 70, can't adequately function daily. Genius = scoring in the top 2%, little is known about the psychological characteristics of these individuals. |
| Twin Studies | The higher the identical than fraternal twin correlations imply that IQ is influenced by genetic factors. Twin findings provide convincing evidence for environmental influences on IQ. |
| Reliability | Refers to consistency of measurement. Ex: Taking an IQ test multiple times and scoring the same thing proves its reliability. |
| Validity | Refers to a test's ability to measure what it purports to measure. |
| Psychic Determinism | Assumption that all psychological events have a cause. |
| Personality | People's typical ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
| ID, Ego, and Superego | ID = Reservoir of our most primitive impulses, including sex and aggression. Ego = Psyche's executive and principal decision maker. Superego = Our sense of morality. |
| Defense Mechanisms | Unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety. Ex: Repression, Denial, Regression, Reaction-Formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Intellectualization, Identifying with Aggressor, Sublimation. |
| Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development | Oral = birth-12-18 mo.; sucking & drinking. Anal =18 mo.-3 yr.; ease tension by pooping. Phallic (Oedipus & Electra) = 3 - 6 years; genitals. Latency = 6 - 12 yr.; dormant sexual stage. Genital = 12 years +; renewed sexual impulse, romantic relationships. |
| Neo-Freudians | Theories derived from Freud's model but with less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and more optimism regarding the prospects for long term personality growth. |
| Reciprocal Determinism | Tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior. |
| Freud's Model of Personality | Rests on three core assumptions: Psychic Determinism, Symbolic Meaning, and Unconscious Motivation. |
| Big Five Traits of Personality | Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience |
| Projective Tests | Test consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of. Ex: Rorschach Ink-Blot |
| Objective Tests | These are structured personality tests, or ones that have fixed means of response (Multiple Choice). Ex: MMPI |
| Behavioral Theoretical Approach to Personality | Explains personality in terms of the effects external stimuli have on behavior. |
| Psychodynamic Theoretical Approach to Personality | Relies heavily on Freudian theory that paints personality based on three assumptions dealing with unconscious motives, psychic determinism, and symbolic meaning. |
| Human-Existential Theoretical Approach to Personality | Most humanistic psychologists propose that the core motive in personality is self-actualization; or the drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent. |
| Trait Theoretical Approach to Personality | Utilizes factor analysis which looks at correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures. Ex: Big Five Model |
| Humanist Model of Personality | Humanist Model relies on self-actualization, peak experiences, conditions of worth, and incongruences. |
| Behaviorist Model of Personality | Has the views that genetic factors and contingencies in the environment are the major influences on personality. |
| Psychodynamic Model of Personality | Based on Freudian theory with the three assumptions: unconscious motivation, psychic determinism, and symbolic meaning. |
| Levels of Consciousness | Preconscious-thoughts which are unconscious at the moment, but are not repressed and therefore available for recall and capable of becoming conscious. Unconscious-thoughts not available to introspection. Conscious-thoughts currently in your awareness. |
| Historical Views of Mental Illness | Demonic Model: attributed many delusions to demons infesting the body. Used exorcisms. Medical Model: prior view labeling mental illnesses as a physical disorder requiring medical treatment. Used asylums. |
| Definition of Abnormal | Our definition of abnormal comes from variances from what is considered "normal." |
| Mental Disorders | These can be diagnosed differently across cultures, but there are also many cultural universals. |
| Personality Disorders | Should only be diagnosed when traits are inflexible, stable, and expressed in a wide variety of situations and have appeared by adolescence. Includes borderline, psychopathic, histrionic, and narcissistic. |
| Schizophrenia | A severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality. Patient has many delusions. |
| DSM-5 | 5th Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; official system for classifying individuals with mental disorders. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | "Worry is a way of life." Feelings of constant anxiety and being on edge. Worry about small things. |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Marked emotional disturbance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | Condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both. |
| Anxiety Disorders | Conditions marked largely with the preoccupations of many irrational fears. |
| Major Depression | States in which a person will experience a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties. |
| Depression and Suicide | Results from severe mood disorders that make the person have constant depressive thoughts. Leads to thoughts of suicide as a result of learned helplessness. |
| Delusions and Hallucinations | Delusion-strongly held belief that has no basis in reality Hallucination-sensory perception that occurs in the absence of an external stimulus |
| Bipolar Disorder | Condition marked by a history of at least one manic episode. Manic episodes have dramatically elevated moods, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increased talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior. |
| Catastrophizing | Where anxious people predict the absolute worst about circumstances that may not even affect them. |
| Autism Prevalence | Prevalence of autism has skyrocketed. Autism can limit people from functioning properly in a school or occupational setting. |
| Anxiety and Reinforcement | Anxiety can result as an acquired habit, as fears are learned, which was demonstrated by the Little Albert experiment. |
| Current Method of Approach to Abnormal Behavior | Current psychiatric view is to use moral treatment, or in other words to approach mental illness with dignity, kindness, and respect for those with mental illness. |
| Insight Therapies | Psychotherapies, including psychodynamic, humanistic, and group approaches, with the goal of expanding awareness or insight. |
| Humanistic Therapies | Therapies emphasizing the development of human potential and the belief that human nature is basically positive. |
| Token Economy | Method in which desirable behaviors are rewarded with tokens that clients can exchange for tangible rewards. |
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies | Treatments that attempt to replace irrational cognitions and maladaptive behaviors with more rational cognitions and adaptive behaviors. |
| Systematic Desensitization | Clients are taught to relax as they are gradually exposed to what they fear in a stepwise manner. |
| Response Prevention | Technique in which therapists prevent clients from performing their typical avoidance behaviors. |
| Behavioral Therapy | Therapies that focus on specific problem behaviors and current variables that maintain problematic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
| Psychoanalytic Therapy | Therapy that has the goal of decreasing guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious by bringing to awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts, and memories. |
| Medical Therapy | Use of chemical drugs to influence personality problems such as anxiety. Ex: Benzodiazepines (Xanax) |
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | Electric shock therapy, about 10% of inpatients with major depression receive this treatment. Produces seizures through electrical impulses. |
| Flooding Therapies | Provides a vivid contrast to systematic desensitization. Exposes client to images of the stimuli they fear the most for prolonged periods of time. |
| Extinction Therapies | Gradually reduces exposure to the stimuli the client fears in order to remove it from their conscious awareness over time. |
| Factors Influencing Success in Therapy | Listening with empathy, establishing a bond, intervention on thoughts, behaviors, and interpersonal relations. |
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