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Psych 495 Ch 09 Defs
Definitions from Chapter 09
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chronic identities | identities that are always with us regardless of how much the situation changes |
| false consciousness | a subordinated group taking on the dominating groups value system, rejecting their own groups' values in the process |
| optimal distinctiveness theory | theory that people are most likely to identify with groups that provide the most satisfying balance between personal identity and group identity |
| social identity | the part of a person's self-concept that derives from memberships in groups that are important to the person |
| ingroup bias | favoring members of one's own group |
| self-stereotyping | group members view themselves in terms of the (usually positive) stereotypes they have of their groups, so that self becomes one with groups and positive view of group is reflected in positive view of the self |
| distributive justice | the amount to which outcomes are being distributed on the expected basis that those who deserve more get more, rather than on some other, unfair basis such as ingroup favoritism |
| procedural justice | the fairness of the process by which rewards are distributed |
| social identity theory | theory that because groups identified with are part of social identity, your group is part of your and how people see your groups reflects on you personally |
| realistic conflict theory | the theory that people join groups for the increased ease of maximizing gains in life in a group, and develop prejudices against competing groups |
| relative deprivation | when people feel they have less than they did in the past, orthat they have less than people who have the resource they feel they deserve |
| personal (or egoistic) relative deprivation | the degree to which a person feels deprived as an individual |
| group (or fraternal) relative deprivation | the degree to which a person feels an identified group has been deprived of some benefit, whether or not the individual has been deprived |
| relative gratification | the feeling people have more than they did in the past or than others competing for the same resource |
| scapegoating | blaming and sometimes punishing an outgroup for the misfortunes of the ingroup, when the outgroup is innocent |
| relative deprivation theory | theory that people become dissatisfied if they compare their current situation to past experiences or to other people in their situation, and decide they lack a resource they deserve to have |
| integrated threat theory | the theory that prejudice derives from 3 types of percieved threat to one's ingroup: intergroup anxiety, perceptions of realistic threats, and perceptions of symbolic threats |
| cultural racism | the assumption that the dominant culture holds the only correct societal and cultural values. According to the text, this is a synonym for everyday racism. |
| everyday racism | the process that lets people laugh at racist jokes, as an example, without seeing themselves as racist or intentionally acting in a racist manner. According to the text, this is a synonym for cultural racism. |
| extraordinary racism | the extreme racism typified by members of hate groups |
| hate group | an organization whose central principals include hostility toward racial, ethnic and religious minority groups |
| ideological theory of scapegoating | when there is a perception of group relative deprivation with no clear cause, people will search for one, and will take up an idea that fills that need to understand the deprivation |
| Odinism | resurrection of Norse mythology in the service of racism - claims Northern European "Aryans" are a separate race that is superior to all other races and so must be kept socially pure, which is best done through separation of races. |
| creatorism | a form of racist Deism that holds the creator set the universe in motion and established laws of nature to govern it, and people must work things out on their own within these laws. |
| minimal group paradigm | people develop ingroup bias even when the group is based on trivial distinctions |
| categorization-competition hypothesis | hypothesis that categorizing oneself and others into an ingroup and an outgroup is sufficient to generate ingergroup competition |
| ingroup favoritism effect | people favor their own group to protect the groups' interests against the competition |
| outgroup homogeneity effect | the phenomenon that outgroup members are seen as more similar to each other than they really are |
| self esteem hypothesis | the proposal that as people identify with groups and the groups do well, the people experiences positive self-esteem because social identities interact with personal identities |
| vicarious retribution | when ingroup members aggress against outgroup members even when they themselves have not been directly harmed by the outgroup members |
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