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OSU/p100/personality
Psych 100 @ OSU - Personality (p.577-617)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| traits | relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations |
| nomothetic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying general laws that govern the behavior of all individuals |
| idiographic approach | approach to personality that focuses on identifying the unique configuration of characteristics and life history experiences within a person |
| molecular genetic studies | investigations that allow researchers to pinpoint genes associated with specific personality traits |
| somatogeneic | physiologically caused |
| catharsis | feeling of relief following a dramatic outpouring of emotion |
| psychogenic | psychologically caused |
| psychic determinism | that assumption that all psychological events have a cause |
| id | reservoir of our most primitive impulses |
| pleasure principle | tendency of the id to strive for immediate gratification |
| ego | psyche's executive and principal decision maker |
| reality principle | tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet |
| superego | our sense of morality |
| defense mechanisms | unconscious maneuvers intended to minimize anxiety |
| reaction-formation | transformation of an anxiety-provoking into its opposite |
| projection | unconscious attribution of our negative characteristics to others |
| displacement | directing an impulse from a socially unacceptable target onto a safer and more socially acceptable target |
| rationalization | providing a reasonable sounding explanation for unreasonable behaviors or fialures |
| repression | motivated forgetting of emotionally threatening memories or impulses |
| denial | motivated forgetting of distressing external experiences |
| regression | the act of returning psychologically to a younger and and typically simpler and safer age |
| intellectualization | avoiding emotions associated with anxiety-provoking experiences by focusing on abstract and impersonal thoughts |
| identification with the aggressor | process of adopting the characteristics of individuals we find threatening |
| sublimation | transformation of a socially unacceptable impulse into an admired goal. (Easy way to remember: You could want to be a heroine addict like Bradley Noell from Sublime through sublimation.) |
| erogenous zone | sexually arousing zone of the body |
| oral stage | psychosexual stages that focuses on the mouth |
| anal stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on toilet training |
| phallic stage | psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals |
| Oedipus complex | conflict during phallic stage in which boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and want to eliminate their fathers as rivals |
| Electra complex | conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals |
| penis evny | supposed desire of girls to posses a penis |
| latency stage | psychosexual stage in which sexual impulses are submerged into the unconscious |
| genital stage | psychsexual stage in which sexual impulses awaken and typically begin to mature into romantic attraction toward others |
| neo-freudian theories | theories derived from freud's model, but that place less emphasis on sexuality as a driving force in personality and were more optimistic regarding the prospects for long-term personality growth |
| style of life | according to Adler, each person's distinctive way of achieving superiority |
| inferiority complex | feelings of low self-esteem that can lead to overcompensation for such feelings |
| collective unconscious | according to Jung, our shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations |
| archetypes | cross-culturally universal emotional symbols |
| object relations theorists | followers of Freud who emphasized mental representations of others |
| social learning theorists | theorists who emphasized thinking as a cause of personality |
| locus of control | extent to which people believe that reinforcers and punishers lie inside or outside their control |
| self-actualization | drive to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent |
| conditions of worth | according to Rogers, expectations we place on ourselves for appropriate/inappropriate behavior |
| incongruence | inconsistency between our personalities and innate dispositons |
| peak experiences | transcendent moments of intense excitement and tranquility marked by a profound sense of connection to the world |
| factor analysis | statistical technique that analyzes the correlations among responses on personality inventories and other measures |
| Big Five | five traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures |
| lexical approach | approach to personality proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language |
| structured personality tests | paper-and-pencil tests consisting of questions that respondents answer in one of a few fixed ways |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | widely used structured test designed to assess symptoms of mental disorders |
| empirical method of test construction | approach to building tests in which researchers begin with two or more criterion groups and examine which items best distinguish them |
| face validity | extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring |
| rational/theorietical method of test construction | approach to building tests that requires test developers to begin with a clear cut conceptualization of a trait and then write items to assess that conceptualization |
| projective tests | tests consisting of ambiguous stimuli that examinees must interpret or make sense of |
| projective hypothesis | hypothesis that in the process of interpreting ambiguous stimuli, examinees project aspects of their personality onto the stimulus |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | projective test consisting of ten symmetrical inkblots |
| incremental validity | extent to which a test contributes information beyond other, more easily collected, measures. |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | projective test require examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures |
| graphology | psychological interpretation of handwriting |
| P.T. Barnum effect | tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate |
Created by:
neill89
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