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Psychology 300 Ch 7
Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | change in behavior |
| Associative Learning | connecting events together |
| Stimulus | evokes a response |
| Respondent Behavior | automatic response |
| Operant Behavior | repetition for rewards or avoid unwanted results. |
| Cognitive Learning | observing events and watching others and through language |
| Classical Conditioning | unconscious/ automatic response to stimuli being linked together |
| Behaviorism | (1) be an objective science (2) that studies behavior without reference to mental processes |
| Neutral Stimuli (NS) | elicits no response before conditioning |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | unlearned naturally occurring response such as salivation |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | a stimulus that naturally/automatically triggers an unconditioned response (UR). |
| Conditioned Response | a learned response |
| Conditioned Stimulus | an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (UR) |
| Acquisition | the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| Higher-Order Conditioning | conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | no longer responds |
| Spontaneous Recovery | the reappearance after a piece of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| Generalization | a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response. |
| Discrimination | distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli |
| Operant Conditioning | behavior strengthened by reinforcer or diminished by a punisher. |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle good behavior means more consequences and unfavorable behavior there are less. |
| Operate Chamber | a chamber "Skinner Box" an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water |
| Reinforcement | increase in behavior |
| Shaping | reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Positive Reinforcement | when presented after a response strengthens the response |
| Primary Reinforcer | innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |
| Conditioned Reinforcer | stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcer also know as a secondary reinforcer. |
| Reinforcement Schedule | how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
| Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | reinforcing response every time |
| Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule | reinforcing a response only part of the time |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule: | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Punishment | decrease in behavior |
| Cognitive Map | a mental map |
| Latent Learning | learning occurs when there is incentive to demonstrate it |
| Intrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| Observational Learning | learning by observing others |
| Modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Mirror Neurons | frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
| Prosocial Behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial. |
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