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PSYCH LRNG TEST 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Psychology "Learning" unit test flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between Classical Conditioning & Operant Conditioning? | Classical Conditioning involves conditioning reflex behaviors whereas Operant Conditioning involves using rewards or punishments to reinforce target behaviors. |
| Who is considered the "father of Classical Conditioning"? | Ivan Pavlov. |
| When conducting a Classical Conditioning experiment, how important is the interval between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus? | VERY important! There should be no more than 1/2 - 1 seconds between the Conditioned Stimulus and the Unconditioned Stimulus. |
| What does the term "extinction" refer to? | The elimination of a Conditioned Response by presenting only the Conditioned Stimulus with the Unconditioned Stimulus. |
| What does the term "spontaneous recovery" refer to? | This occurs when a subject is given a rest (the Conditioned Stimulus isn't presented) and - after sometime later - the Conditioned Stimulus is presented again and the subject displays at least some of the old Conditioned Response. |
| What is "stimulus generalization"? | When a Conditioned Response is conditioned to a Conditioned Stimulus and other stimuli that are similar to the Conditioned Stimulus also result in the subject showing the Conditioned Response. |
| What is one (1) example of Conditioned Taste Aversion? | One example is if a person gets food poisoning, they are very likely to avoid eating that type of food again. They may even generalize and stop eating at that restaurant altogether, fearing food poisoning. |
| Who is known as the "father of Operant Conditioning"? | B.F. Skinner. |
| What is "shaping"? (How is it done?) | A behavior that is close to the target behavior is reinforced until they do it consistently. Then, reinforcement is withheld until the subject shows behavior that's even closer to the target behavior. This continues until they're doing the target behavior |
| What is a "Skinner box"? | This is a training tool used during Operant Behavior conditioning experiments. They're large enough for one animal and usually contain a system of levers or buttons that, when pushed, reward the subject. |
| What is one (1) important thing to remember about rewards when designing an Operant Conditioning experiment? | You have to remember that "it's not a reward unless it's a reward to the subject". (Example: water is a not a reward to someone who's not thirsty.) |
| What does the term "reinforcement" mean? | An event that increases the probability that the behavior that precedes it will be repeated. (Pg. 144) |
| What does the Premack Principle state? | This principle states that "of any two responses, the one that is more likely to occur can be used to reinforce the response that is less likely to occur." (Pg. 144) |
| What is an example of the Premack Principle? | A child is more likely to watch television than do chores, so, television watching could be used to reinforce doing chores. (TV watching - which is more likely to occur - is used to reinforce doing chores - which is less likely to occur.) |
| How does a continuous reinforcement schedule work as related to Operant Conditioning? | Every correct response is reinforced. |
| How does a Partial Reinforcement Schedule work as related to Operant Conditioning? | It's a schedule where not every correct response is reinforced. |
| How does a Fixed Ratio Schedule work as related to Operant Conditioning? | A certain number of correct responses must be made before reinforcement is given. |
| How does a Fixed Interval Schedule work as related to Operant Conditioning? | The subject receives reinforcement for the first response shown after a given time interval. |
| How does a Variable Interval Schedule work as related to Operant Conditioning? | The subject is reinforced for the first response given after a particular time interval, which is changed for each trial. |
| What is the difference between "primary" and "secondary" reinforcement? | Primary reinforcement is effective without having been associated with other reinforcers (ex: food is a primary reinforcer); Secondary reinforcement is effective only if it's associated w/a primary reinforcer. |
| What is the difference between a "positive" and a "negative" reinforcement? | In a "positive reinforcement" situation, something (usually something negative for the subject) is "added" to the situation; in "negative reinforcement" situations, something is "removed" from the situation. |
| What is an example of "negative reinforcement"? | If your foot has ever hurt because there was a small rock in your shoe and you felt better after taking it out, you experienced negative reinforcement. |
| What is an example of "positive reinforcement"? | If you give a subject something that they want (something that they view as a reward) such as chocolate, you have given the subject "positive reinforcement". |
| Which neurotransmitter is associated with Operant Conditioning? | Dopamine is associated with this process. |
| What does the term "habituation" mean/ refer to? | This term means "a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a stimulus". (Pg. 225) |
| Give one (1) example of "habituation". | One example of this is failing to notice a very large billboard along the road on your drive to work because you drive the same route every day. (Pg. 224) |
| What does the term "sensitization" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a stimulus". (Pg. 225) |
| Give one (1) example of "sensitization". | One example of this is if you are watching TV at home and you smell smoke in the house. The presence of the smell of smoke will make you pay MORE attention to it. (Pg. 224) |
| What are the three (3) types of learning that we learned about during this unit? | 1.) Nonassociative; 2.) Associative; 3.) Observational. (Pg. 223) |
| Which scientist conducted "the first carefully controlled experiments in comparative animal psychology"? | Edward Thorndike was the first to do this. (Pg. 240) |
| What does the Law of Effect state? | This states that "people or animals will continue behaviors that result in a 'satisfying state of affairs' and will stop any behaviors that result in an 'annoying state of affairs'". (Pg. 241) |
| Complete the following sentence: " ____________________ always increases a behavior." | Reinforcement (or "rewards"). (Pg. 241) |
| Complete the following sentence: "________________ always decreases a behavior." | Punishment. (Pg. 246) |
| What does the term "chaining" mean where Operant Conditioning is considered? | This involves using Operant Conditioning techniques to condition a human or animal subject to complete a complex set of behaviors in a predetermined order. (Class Notes.) |
| List the steps that you need to take BEFORE starting an Operant Conditioning experiment. | 1.) Choose a target behavior; 2.) Choose a reinforcer that is VERY meaningful to the subject; 3.) Choose a reinforcement schedule; 4.) Decide whether "shaping" or "chaining" will be needed & how you will do this; 5.) Submit a proposal to the IRB. (Notes) |
| What does the term "nonassociative learning" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "responding after repeated exposure to a single stimulus or event". (Pg. 223) |
| What does the term "associative learning" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "linking two (2) stimuli, or events, that occur together". (Pgs. 223 & 224) |
| What does the term "observational learning" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "acquiring or changing a behavior after exposure to another individual performing that behavior". (Pgs. 223 & 224) |
| Be able to identify the US, UR, CS, & CR in a description of a Classical Conditioning experiment. | Example: Pavlov's Dogs Experiment. UR - Salivating; US - Showing a bowl of food; CS - Sound of a metronome ticking; CR - Salivating. (Remember, the UR & CR are always the same.) |
| What does the term "stimulus discrimination" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus". (Pg. 230) |
| What does the term "phobia" mean/refer to? | This term refers to "an acquired feat that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation". (Pgs. 235 & 236) |
| What does the term "behavior modification" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "using Operant Conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones". (Pgs. 248 - 250) |
| What did researcher Albert Bandura conclude after conducting his "Bobo Doll Experiment"? | He concluded that exposing children to violence may encourage them to act aggressively. (Pgs. 254 & 255) |
| What did psychologist Susan Mineka's conclude after conducting her "Fear Response in Rhesus Monkeys" experiment? | She concluded that fears can be learned through observation. (Pgs. 258 & 259) |
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