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Child Psych- BC
Midterm - Child psychology Brooklyn college
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| • Maturation | The natural unfolding of development over the course of growth |
| • Continuous process (Continuity) | Development as gradual series of shifts in capacities, skills, and behavior with no abrupt. -accumulation of abilities |
| discontinuous process (Discontinuity) | Abrutp step like changes that make each stagequalitatively different from the one that precedes it. |
| Overlapping waves | Children use a variety if strategies in thinking and learning at any given age. |
| Interactionist viewpoint | Taking in cocideratiom the dual role of individual and contextual factors |
| • Classical conditioning | a type of learning in which two stimuli are repeadtedly presented together until individual learn to respond to the unfamiliar stimulis in the same way they respond to the familiar stimulus |
| • operant conditioning | a type of learning that depends on the concequences of behavior.rewards increace the likehood that a behavior will recur whereas punishment decreaces, that likehood. |
| • Sampling | a group of indivuals who are representative of a larger population |
| • representativeness | The degree to which a sample actually posseses the characteristics of the larger population |
| • Structured observation | A form of observation in which researchers structure a situation so that behaviors they wish to study are more likely to occur |
| • Correlational study design | A research method that permits investigators to establich relationships among variables as well as asses the strength of those relations |
| • negative correlation | the variables move in inverse, or opposite, directions. In other words, as one variable increases, the other variabledecreases. For exa,there is a negative correlation between self-esteem and depression. the higher your self-esteem, the lower your feelin |
| Positive | the variables move in the same direction. This means that as one variable increases, so does the other one. In the exam, students who attended school more frequently had the highest GPAs. As the days present at school decreased, so did the GPA |
| •Independent variable | The variable or factor that researchers deliberately manipulate in a experiment, |
| Dependent variable | The variable, or factor that researchers, expect to change as function of change in the dependent variable. |
| • Informed consent | Agreement , based on clear and full understanding of the purposes and procedures of a research study to partipate in that study. |
| • Ectoderm/ mesoderm/ endoderm | During the embryonic period the inner mass differentiates in to three layers. |
| • Ectoderm | The hair , naild , parts of the teeth , the outer layer of the skin and skin glands and the sensory cells and nervours systems develop |
| mesoderm | Forms into the muscles, skeleton , circulatory and excretory systems and inner skin layer. |
| Endoderm | Forms the gastrointestinal tract, trachea, bronchi, eutachin tubes,glands, and vital organs such as the lungs and pancreas and liver. |
| • Cephalocaudal development | The pattern of human physical growth in which development begins in the area of the brain and proceeds downward to the trunk and legs |
| Proximal-distal development | The pastern of human physical development starts in cenral areas, such as the internal organs, and proceeds to more distant areas such as arms and legs |
| • Surfactant | When a fetus cannot produce enough liquid that allows the lungs to transmit oxygen from the air to the blood affecting breating |
| • Respiratory distress syndrome | a condioned of the new born marked by labored breathing and bluish discoloration of the skin or mucous menbranes; can result in infant death. |
| • Age of viability | The age of 22-26 weeks from conception , at which point the fetus physical systems are advanced enough that it has a chance to survive if born prematurely |
| Preterm | a baby born before its due date , whose weight is less than full term infant and and may be appropriate to gestinal stage |
| Small for date | A term describing a premature baby who may be born close to its due date but its weight is slightly less than what would be appropriate for gestionalns age |
| • Cesarean section/ delivery | The surgical delivery of a baby ; baby is removed from the mothers uterus by an insion made in her abdominal ans uterus |
| • Reflexes | A humans involuntary respose to external stimulation |
| • Visual preference method | A method of studying infants abilities to distinguish one stimulus from another, in which researchers measure and compare, the amounts of time infants pay attention to stimili |
| Neonates | first 4 weeks |
| Habituae | aprocess of learning by which an indicavidual reacts with less and less intensity to a repeatedly presenr stimuli, eventually responding faintly or not at all |
| • Stereoscopic vision | The sense of third spatial dimension, that of deth, produce by brains fusion of separate images contributed by each eye |
| • Size constancy | The tendency to perceive an object as constant size regardless of changes in its distance from the view and in the image it cast on the retinas of the eyes |
| Shape constancy | The ability to perceive an objects shape as constant despite changes in its orientation and the angle from which one views it |
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luzdeluna
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