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Stack #217840
Pharmaceutics III Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| aa | of each |
| ad. lib. | as needed or when needed |
| d.t.d. | dispense (give) such doses |
| et | and |
| gtt. | drop |
| h.s. | at bedtime |
| lb | avoirdupois pound |
| M. ft. | mix and make |
| p.c. | after meals |
| q.s. ad | quantity sufficient added to make |
| s.a. | secunden artem (according to the art of pharmacy) |
| Sig. | write on label |
| What is the maximum allowable weight permitted on th prescription balance? | 120 g or 4 oz. |
| What is the significance of the sensitivity of your balance? | To calculate minimum weighable quantity and percentage of error |
| How many grains are in 1 gram? | 15.432 gr |
| How many mg are in 1 grain? | 64.8 mg |
| How many grams are in 1 lb (avoir)? | 454 g |
| How many grams are in 1 lb (apoth)? | 373 g |
| How many mL are in 1 gal (U.S.)? | 3785 mL |
| How many mL are in 1 fluid ounce? | 29.57 mL |
| How many lb (avoir) are in 1 kg? | 2.2 lb (avoir) |
| What is trituration? | The process by which we use the mortar and pestle to decrease particle size and increase surface area |
| What is dusting powder used for? | Weeping skin conditions such as eczema |
| What is calamine? | A combination of zinc oxide and ferric oxide; protectant, slightly astringent, slight antiseptic |
| What is zinc oxide? | protectant, slightly astringent, slight antiseptic |
| What is red mercuric oxide? | topical antiseptic |
| What is the most potent ingredient of the dusting powder preparation? | red mercuric oxide |
| What is methyl salicylate? | fragrance |
| What is heavy magnesium oxide? | soothing vehicle |
| Which type of mortar is best used for trituration of powders? glass or porcelain | porcelain |
| What test is performed to observe the uniformity of particle size and distribution of ingredients? | spread test |
| Any part contained in a quantity a whole number of times is a ___________ ? | aliquot |
| Milk sugar | lactose |
| salt of lemon or sour salt | citric acid |
| What is citric acid? | flavor enhancer |
| What is another name for citric acid in lactose? | sour salt in milk sugar |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 5 mL graduate? | 1.5 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 10 mL graduate? | 2.2 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 25 mL graduate? | 5.9 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 50 mL graduate? | 7.9 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 100 mL graduate? | 10.5 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 250 mL graduate? | 18.2 mL |
| What is the least amount you can measure in a 500 mL graduate? | 33.2 mL |
| What are clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils, or other aromatic or volatile substances also known as medicated waters? | aromatic waters |
| What is talc used for? | to increase the surface area of the volatile substance, insuring more rapid saturation of the water, also a filtering aid (increases solubility) |
| What is the use of cinnamon water? | flavored vehicle |
| What is a solution? | a homogeneous single-phase system |
| What is potassium iodide used for? | emergency in the event of a terror attack to prevent irradiated thyroid glands from eating food exposed to radation |
| What is a former use of potassium iodide? | as an expectorant, it liquefies lung secretions so they can be coughed up; source of iodine |
| When KI is dissolved in hot water, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? | exothermic |
| What can you add to KI to enhance stability? | sodium thiosulfate |
| How much does 1 mL of water weigh? | 1 gram |
| What is boric acid? | weak antiseptic |
| What is the % solution of boric acid that is isotonic with eye fluids? | 2.2 % |
| What is the solubility of boric acid in water and in hot water? | 1 g in 18 mL of water; 1 g in 4 mL of hot water |
| Which is more soluble? I3 or I2 | I3 |
| What is another name for strong iodine solution? | Lugol's solution |
| Iodine is an excellent __________ ? | antiseptic |
| What is the solubility of iodine in water? in the strong iodine solution preparation? | 1 g in 3000 mL water; 1 g in 20 mL (this preparation) |
| What can be used to purify drinking water? | iodine |
| How many mL are in 1 quart? | 946 mL |
| What is the purpose of adding potassium iodide to iodine? | to increase solubility |
| What is diluted hydrochloric acid used for? | to treat achlorhydria (too little acid in the stomach) |
| Why must you use a glass straw when using the diluted hydrocholoric acid? | it attacks the mucosa in the mouth and the enamel of the teeth |
| When the acid is added to the water in the HCl preparation, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? | exothermic |
| How do you convert volume to weight? | volume x specific gravity = weight |
| How do you convert weight to volume? | weight / specific gravity = volume |
| What are other terms for hydrocholoric acid? | muriatic acid, spirit of salt, chlorhydric acid |
| What is an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of a volatile substance? | spirit |
| What is the solubility of camphor in water? in alcohol? | 1 g in 80 mL of water1 g in 1 mL of alcohol |
| What are the characteristics of camphor? | carminative (digestion aid), antipruritic, rubifacient |
| What is camphor used for? | itching and fever blisters; has drying effect |
| What are the methods for preparing purified water? | distillation, ion-exchange treatment, reverse osmosis |
| What are methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, benzyl alcohol and sorbic acid? | preservatives |
| What is the least amount you can weigh out on the electronic balance? | 20 mg |
| What type of solution is the boric acid solution? | super-saturated |
| What is specific gravity? | the weight of a substance (g) / the volume occupied by the substance (mL) |
| How do you convert w/w to w/v? | w/w x s.g. = w/v |
| How do you convert w/v to w/w? | w/v / s.g. = w/w |
| What % w/w would boric acid solution be saturated? | 5.26 % (1/19 x 100; 1 g in 18 mL of water) |
| What % w/w is self-preservative for sugar? | 65% |
| What is another term for syrup? | simple syrup |
| What is the use of simple syrup? | sweet liquid vehicle |
| What occurs during inversion of sucrose? | heat promotes the hydrolysis of the dissaccharide sucrose, producing dextrose and the invert monosaccharide sugar levulose |
| What are characteristics of an inverted sugar? | sweeter and darker than sucrose, supports fermentation, supports mold growth |
| What is the solubility of sucrose in cold water? in hot water (room temperature)? | 1 g in 0.5 mL cold water; 1 g in 0.2 mL hot water |
| What is the sucrose used for in the chocolate syrup? | sweetener |
| What is liquid glucose and glycerin used for in the chocolate syrup? | add viscosity and sweetness |
| What is sodium chloride used for in the chocolate syrup? | flavor enhancer |
| What is sodium benzoate used for in the chocolate syrup? | preservative |
| Is the chocolate syrup a true syrup? | NO, it is a suspension |
| How many mEq NaCl are contained in 1 tbsp. of chocolate syrup? | 0.513 |
| What is chloral hydrate? | a schedule IV drug used to induce sleep |
| At 250 mg t.i.d., chloral hydrate is a ________, at 500 mg h.s., it is a _________ . | sedative, hypnotic |
| What is the solubility of chloral hydrtate in water? | 1 g in 0.25 mL |
| Can you use heat during the chloral hydrate solution preparation? | NO, chloral hydrate is volatile |
| What effect does alcohol have on chloral hydrate? | they potentiate each other's effects |
| What is the use of sorbitol 70% solution in the chloral hydrate solution? | add sweetness and viscosity |
| What is the use of liquid glucose in the chloral hydrate solution? | add sweetness and viscosity |
| What is the use of peppermint water in the chloral hydrate solution? | flavored vehicle |
| Which is sweeter? liquid glucose or sorbitol solution or syrup | liquid glucose |
| What is belladonna used for? | relax smooth muscles and reduce secretions |
| What is another term for belladonna? | deadly nightshade |
| What is the main ingredient in belladonna? | atropine |
| What are tinctures? | alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable and chemical substances |
| What are elixirs? | clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use |
| What is a synonym for spirit? | essence |
| What are the toxic ingredients in the mouthwash solution? | boric acid and chlorothymol |
| What is the mouthwash used for? | gargle and antiseptic; should not be taken orally |
| What is the use of boric acid in the mouthwash? | weak antiseptic |
| What is the use of thymol in the mouthwash? | antifungal, antibacterial |
| What is the use of chlorothymol in the mouthwash? | antibacterial |
| What is the use of menthol in the mouthwash? | relieves local irritation and congestion, soothing |
| What is the use of eucalyptol in the mouthwash? | antiseptic for inflammation of the nose, throat and skin |
| What is the use of thyme oil in the mouthwash? | deodorant/antiseptic |
| What is the use of alcohol in the mouthwash? | solubilizer/antiseptic |
| What is the use of the hypotonic nasal solution? | relieves irritation and dryness in the nasal tissues |
| What would a hypertonic nasal solution do? | remove moisture from the tissue |
| What is the half-strength of normal saline? | 0.45% |
| What is the sodium chloride equivalent of potassium chloride? | 0.76 |
| What is ketoprofen used for? | NSAID used in the treatment of fibromyalgia and other types of musculoskeletal pain |
| What is carbopol 934P used for in the ketoprogen gel? | gelling agent for internal and external use; helps move ingredients through the skin; 924 is MW |
| What will occur is carbopol 934 is exposed to light? | decrease the viscosity; adding EDTA will help prevent this reduction |
| What is triethanolamine used for in the ketoprogen gel? | to raise the pH of the preparation to form the gel |
| What is benzocaine? | local anesthetic |
| Why do we not use water in the benzocaine drops preparation? | benzocaine would precipitate out of the solution |
| What is the solubility of benzocaine in alcohol? in water? | 1 g in 5 mL of alcohol; 1 g in 2500 mL of water |
| What is the use of oil of clove in the benzocaine drops? | germicide and obtundant (dull) for dental pain |
| What is the use of alcohol in the benzocaine drops? | dissolves the benzocaine |
| What is the use of glycerin in the benzocaine drops? | vehicle to make the preparation thicker to remain on the gums |
| What type of emulsion is the mineral oil? | oil in water |
| What is the dispersed phase of the mineral oil? | heavy liquid petrolatum |
| Why don't we use light liquid petrolatum? | causes rectal leakage |
| What is mineral oil emulsion used for? | lubricating laxative |
| What is the emulsifying agent in the mineral oil emulsion? | acacia |
| What is the syrup used for in the mineral oil emulsion? | sweetening agent |
| What is the vanillin used for in the mineral oil emulsion? | flavoring agent that is in the aquesous or external phase |
| What is the use of alcohol in the mineral oil emulsion? | preservative |
| What is it called when the acacia is mixed with the oil? | dry gum or continental method |
| What is called when the acacia is first mixed with the water? | wet gum or english method |
| What is the optimum ratio of oil:water:acacia? | 4:2:1 |
| What is creaming? | the oil rises to the top of the preparation but shaking disperses the oil throughout the emulsion |
| What is cracking? | the oil has experienced too much separation and shaking the preparation does not restore the dispersion |
| What instructions should all emulsions bear? | shake well before using |
| What happens if the patient uses too much of the lubricating laxatibe? | they may suffer a deficiency of fat soluble vitamins - A, D, E, K |
| What type of emulsion is the olive oil? | water in oil |
| What is zinc oxide used for in the olive oil emulsion? | protectant, weak antiseptic and weak astringent |
| What is the emulsifying agent in the olive oil emulsion? | calcium oleate |
| Where does the calcium oleate come from in the olive oil emulsion? | olive oil and lime water |
| What can you add if the emulsion does to form readily or is too thin? | oleic acid |
| In the olive oil emulsion, why is a thick paste formed first as dry ingredients are incorporated into the vehicle? | to mix thoroughly, reduce particle size and remove air |
| What is pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO) used for? | transdermal gel vehicle |
| What is the propylene glycol used for in the ketoprofen gel? | wetting agent |
| What is the use of lecithin/isopropyl palmitate liquid in the ketoprofen gel? | oily phase, enhances absorption |
| What is the poloxamer 407 gel used for in the ketoprofen gel? | aqueous phase; it is a reversal thermal gel that becomes thicker as it warms, it is sold at room temperature and liquid at cold temperatures |
| What ratio should you use poloxamer 407 in? | 4:1 - 4 parts aqueous phase to 1 part oily phase |
| What is lecithin derived from? | soy |
| What are poloxamers? | non-ionic block copolymers of oxyethylene and oxypropylene |
| Polyoxyethylene is _________ and polyoxypropylene is __________ . | hydrophilic, lipophilic |
| What % gel of the poloxamer makes a good protective film for wounds and burns? | 5-10% |
| What is the kaolin mixture with pectin used for? | upset stomach |
| Carbohydrate polymer derived from plants thats hydrates slowly with water | pectin |
| What is kaolin? | insoluble colloidal clay mined in georgie; adsorbent - absorbs toxins and offending agents onto its surface |
| What is pectin? | soothing demulcent - coats the lining of the stomach; used internally and externally |
| What is the use of tragacanth in the kaolin mixture? | suspending agent |
| What is the use of sodium saccharin in the kaolin mixture? | sweetener or flavor enhancer |
| What is the use of glycerin in the kaolin mixture? | wetting agent or levigating agent for the solid ingredients that are incorportated in the base |
| What is the use of benzoic acid in the kaolin mixture? | preservative, antimicrobial |
| What is the use of water in the kaolin mixture? | used to disperse the pectin and as a vehicle |
| Why are the powders initially wet with glycerin in the kaolin mixture? | to make them mix easily with other ingredients, reduce particle size and displace air |
| What happens if you wet hydrophilic agents with water? | they clump, use glycerin instead because they are not soluble in it |
| What is the white lotion preparation used for? | acne |
| What is unique about white lotion? | it is a suspension that exhibits flocculation |
| What is the flocculating agent in the white lotion? | potassium sulfate |
| Is white lotion a stable preparation? | NO - decomposes on exposure to air |
| What is the zinc sulfate used for in the white lotion? | reacts to form the active ingredient |
| What is the sulfurated potash used for in the white lotion? | not a true chemical, but a mixture of sulfur and potassium salts that react to form the active ingredient |
| What is the use of potassium sulfate in the white lotion? | flocculating agent that prevents caking of zinc sulfide, sulfur, etc. |
| What is the active ingredient in the white lotion? | elemental sulfur |
| What is the use of purified water in the white lotion? | vehicle |
| What type of fragrance do you use in the white lotion? | aqueous, not oily (won't mix) |
| What type of patients are gummy gel troches useful for? | children and geriatrics |
| What is the use of glycerin in the benzocaine troches? | base component, vehicle |
| What is the use of gelatin in the benzocaine troches? | base component (base is not sugar, it is gummy gel), vehicle |
| What is the use of purified water in the benzocaine troches? | base component, vehicle |
| What is the use of bentonite in the benzocaine troches? | aids in uniformly suspending the active ingredient throughout the preparation (silica gel can also be used) |
| What is the use of acacia in the benzocaine troches? | adds smoothness to the preparation |
| What is the use of citric acid in the benzocaine troches? | adds tartness to enhance the flavor |
| Why do we use Pharmagel A instead of Pharmagel B? | it is more acidic |
| What is a synonym for zinc oxide and salicylic acid paste? | Lassar's Paste |
| What is Lassar's Paste used for? | to treat skin that is rough, tough, itchy, etc. |
| What is a synonym for zinc oxide paste? | Lassar's Plain Zinc Paste |
| What is the function of salicylic acid in Lassar's Paste? | keratolytic, slightly antifungal, slightly antibacterial (keratolytic - removes keratin) |
| What is the use of starch in Lassar's Paste? | filler |
| What is the use of white petrolatum in Lassar's Paste? | base |
| What is the Rose Water Ointment (cold cream) used for? | to moisturize and cleanse the skin |
| What type of ointment is the rose water ointment? | w/o |
| What is the emulsifying agent in the rose water ointment? | cerotic acid (in white wax) |
| What is the cetyl esters wax or synthetic spermaceti used for in the rose water ointment? | hardening agent |
| What is the use of light liquid petrolatum in the rose water ointment? | renders the cetyl esters wax more pliable (softer) |
| What is the use of white wax in the rose water ointment? | source or cerotic acid, the emulsifying agent; white wax is also a hardening agent |
| What is the use of almond oil in the rose water ointment? | oily part of the emulsion or oil phase |
| What is the use of sodium borate in the rose water ointment? | furnishes the sodium ion to react with cerotic acid to create the emulsifying agent, sodium cerotate |
| What is the use of stronger rose water in the rose water ointment? | fragrance |
| What is the use of purified water in the rose water ointment? | dispersed phase |
| Why must the ingredients be at 70 degrees Celsius in the rose water ointment? | it allows the emulsifying agent to form |
| What type of emulsion is the salicylic acid sulfur ointment? | oil in water |
| What is the salicylic acid sulfur ointment (man perfume) used to treat? | fungus infections |
| Is the salicylic acid sulfur ointment hydrophilic or hydrophobic? | hyrdophilic - water miscible, non-occlusive, water washable |
| What is the use of sulfur in the man perfume? | antibacterial, antifungal, slightly keratolytic |
| If not specified, what form of sulfure do we use? | precipitated sulfur (not sublime) |
| What should the temperature of the cocoa butter be when you are melting it? | 34-35 degrees Celsius |
| How should cocoa butter suppositories be stored? | in a refrigerator |
| Cocoa butter is a(n) ____________. | emollient |
| Theobroma oil is polymorphic. Gamma melts at ___, alpha melts at ___, beta prime melts at ___ and beta melts at ___. | 18, 22, 28, 34.5 degrees Celsius |
| What is the natural and stable form of theobroma oil? | beta form |
| What can decrease the melting point of theobroma oil? | certain drugs, such as chloral hydrate |
| What is cocoa butter suppositories with tannic acid used for? | to treat hemorrhoids |
| What is tannic acid? | astringent |
| What is pyrilamine maleate? | antihistamine with antiemetic properties |
| What is pentobarbital sodium? | sedative that treats GI distress, controlled substance (oral/parenteral are schedule 2, supp. are schedule 3) |
| What are the suppositories with pyrilamine maleate and pentobarbital sodium used for? | anti-nausea |
| What is coal tar? | local irritant for very resistant skin conditions |
| What is zinc oxide? | protectant, slight astringent, slightly antiseptic |
| What is Span 20? | levigating agent for coal tar that helps the ingredients mix well |
| What is the name for liquid coal tar? | Pix Carbonis |
| What is the primary action of coal tar? | to decrease epidermal synthesis of DNA and hence, to suppress hyperplasia (excess cell growth) |
| T or F: you can substitute the coal tar solution for the pure stuff | False |
| T or F: Carbowax is non-water washable and non-staining | False, Carbowax is water washable and non-staining |
| What is benzoyl peroxide? | oxidizing agent, mild antibacterial, moderate keratolytic, mild irritant, antiseborrheic |
| How much water does benzoyl peroxide contain? | about 26% |
| What is sulfur? | parasiticide, fungicide, mild keratolytic |
| Why is precipitated sulfur normally used? | small particle size and greater activity |
| What is another name for precipitated sulfur? | milk of sulfur |
| What is another name for sublimed sulfur? | flowers of sulfur |
| What is another name for sulfurated potash? | liver of sulfur |
| What is a trade name for PEG? | carbowax |
| What happens when you mix camphor, phenol and menthol? | form a eutectic mixture |
| What happens when phenol comes in contact with the skin? | burns |
| What is the use of lactose in the tablet triturate? | filler |
| What is the use of sucrose in the tablet triturate? | binder |
| Powder papers are also referred to as ______ | charts |
| What are the powder papers we made in lab used for? | aches, pain, fever, runny nose, colic, GI cramps, symptoms caused by histamine |
| What is belladonna extract? | antispasmotic, relaxes smooth muscles, reduces secretions |
| What is pyribenzamine? | antihistamine |
| What is the generic name for pyribenzamine? | tripelennamine HCl |
| What is the use of glycerin? | thickening agent |
| What is phenol? | germicide, local anesthetic, caustic in concentrated form but not in weak form, allays itching, antiseptic |
| What is lime water? | emulsifying agent |
| What is olive oil? | emulsifying agent |
| Why do we substitute lime water for purified water before mixing with boric acid? | lime water will form an insoluble calcium borate with boric acid and prevent emulsion formation |
| HLB 1-10 are ________ and HLB 11 and above are ________ | lipophilic, hydrophilic |
| What is chlorpheniramine? | antihistamine |
| What is methylcellulose 3350? | thickening or suspending agent |
| What is veegum? | thickening or suspending agent |
| What is procainamide HCl? | antiarrhythmic agent |
| What is sorbitol 70%? | adds body |
| What is stevia? | sweetener for diabetics (a glycoside that doesn't affect sugar metabolism) |
| What is the abbreviation for isoniazid? | INH |
| What is isoniazid? | most potent and selective agent of the TB class; cidal for growing bacteria, enters all body fluids and CSF, never used alone |
| What is isoniazid normally used with? | rifampin and/or pyrazinamide |
| What does isoniazid compete with? | B6 binding site (pyridoxine) |
| What is the normal dose for isoniazid? | 300 mg/day |
| What is the most toxic NSAID? | indomethacin |
| What is indomethacin used for? | arthritis |
| What is the solubility of indomethacin in alcohol? in water? | 1 g in 50 mL alcohol; insoluble in water |
| What is a trade name for methylcellulose? | methocel |
| What can the animal hair moisturizer also be used to treat? | dry, flaky skin; softens skin |
| Characteristics of hydrophilic ointment? | aqueous, non-occlusive, non-greasy, water washable and miscible, o/w emulsion |
| What is the emulsifier in hydrophilic ointment? | sodium lauryl sulfate |
| Characteristics of hydrophilic petrolatum? | occlusive, greasy, non-water washable; contains no water |
| Should use fragrance compatible with which phase? | external |
| What is morphine? | analgesic, antitussive, antiperistaltic |
| What schedule is morphine? | schedule II |
| What is the solubility of morphine? | 1 g / 16 mL water |
| What is roxanne diluent? | cherry flavored sweetened vehicle (no sugar or alcohol) |
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