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Sleep Disorders 2
Midterm #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Scalp differences | low voltage mixed frequency for REM NREM slow waves and spindles |
| Blood Pressure | NREM: below waking levelREM: variable |
| Heart Rate | NREM: Regular but slow REM: variable and Rapid |
| Resperation | NREM: regular and deepREM: variable and shallow |
| Galvic Skin Response: electrical conductivity of skin | NREM: frequentREM: rare |
| Mentation: what your brain is doing | NREM: thought like and repetitiveREM: dream like and dramatic |
| Night sweats occur... | Slow wave sleep: NREMdoes not occur during rem |
| MEMA | Middle Ear muscle activity: happens at beginning of REM |
| What are PGO Spikes | Pons Geniculit: body of thalamus, Occipital lobe: SIGNAL REM ONSET |
| What is N350? | ERP: 350 ms after stimulus is presented and is negative spike (goes up) |
| When do the PGO Spikes occur? | Happens 30-90seconds before REM onset and then random ones throughout REM sleep |
| How does REM sleep effect body temp? | Body temp regulation turns off, no sweating, no shivering,become poikliothermic (body temp is cold blooded and adapt to temp around you) |
| What happens in the mouth during sleep? | Salabary activity is reduced, acid reflux causes sleep disturbance, no swallowing |
| Cortisol | Stress hormone during REM, has own circadian rhythm |
| Metabolism and brain temperature during REM | Both higher during REM but close to the amount during wake. |
| Growth Hormone | Doesn't have its own circadian rhythm and is during SWS and is at Sleep Onset |
| What happens if you anticipate waking up? | More physiological arousal to prepare for wake (people lighten sleep for target wake up time), if you don't anticipate waking and get woken there may be a lot of disuption |
| Re-uptake | Neurotransmitter is released and doesn't attach so it goes back into the terminal |
| Aminuric Systems | catecholamine, indolmines, not associated with REM sleep, and high during day low during sleep, activates wakefulness. AT TOP OF BRAINSTEM near HIPPOTHALAMUS AND THALAMUS |
| catecholamines | Tyrosine>>DOPA>>>dopamine>>Noradrenalin |
| indolamines | Tryptophan>>> 5 hydroxytryptophan >>> serotonin |
| Cholinergic System | Associated with REM, low during day, high during sleep, drug makes you get into REM sleep, choline>>>>acetylcholine |
| Adenosine | increases throughout day, reduces during sleep, surpresses arousal when you sleep, inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| Enkephalin | Endorphin (good feelings) |
| Endorphin | released to make you happy |
| GABA and what does it do? | Gamma Amino butyrse acid, makes you sleepTurns off awakening cells (always seen working during sleep b/c everything passes through it) sleeping pills increase GABA |
| Histimine vs. Antihistimine | Histimine: promotes arousalAntihistime: promotes sleep |
| What happens if you get too little Hypocretin/Orexin? | Results in sleepiness and cataplexy (muscle weakness) and narcolepsy |
| What happens if you overdose on dopamine? | Schyzophrinia, paranoia, sleep loss, manicy, awake a lot then crash. (Coke promotes this) This is why we don't use it to keep awake bad side affects |
| What is serotonin associated with? | Mood, regulator, depression with lower levels, |
| What do anti-depressants do? | Inhibit re-uptake of serotonin, and don't have an immediate effect |
| What has Tryptophan? | Turkey, bananas, doesn't matter the amount but competes for same brain passage as Tyrosine, usually Tyrosine wins |
| What has Tyrosine | Red meat, competes for brain passage and usually wins |
| What does pons in the brain have? | REM sleep pathways |
| What is Reticular formation? | Sensory info goes through this (retiuclar formation) to ceribral cortex and creates arousal |
| Where is melatonin created? | Pineal gland? (released during sleep) |
| What is rhythm of arousal | Circadian whether sleep deprived or not |
| Popular way to rate sleep deprivation? | Facial muscles (droopy eyelids) and is variable person to person |
| Sleep apnea | Causes you to stop breathing, causes more awakenings therefore the next day very sleepy |
| Longest sleep deprivation record | 264 hours by 17 year old Randy Gardener |
| How is writing affected by sleepiness? | Lost when very sleepy |
| Study of 4 males in San Diego | Results: after 5 days of sleepiness reburst of energy, showed sleep EEG even though still awake, |
| What is the order of sleep recovery after deprivation | 1st: slow wave (stage 3/4) 2nd: REM Almost no stage 2 |
| results of rat study | Weight loss, stop grooming, decreased EEG amplitude, death at 13 or 18 days or 5 weeks of partial sleep deprivation |
| Results to Francisco | REM sleep starts sooner, performance stays about the same, but there is sleep inirtia causing him to take the keyboard to bed (behaviorally awake) |
| Sleep Inertia | continuation of sleep in the awaken state, not cognitively awake but behaviorally awake. |
| hypnopompic disorientation | when waking out of sleep its confusion and cognitive dysfunction especially deep NREM sleep and/or sleep in the middle of the night, and/or sleep after deprivation |
| How much sleep do you need in order to get sleep inertia | as little as 30 minutes |
| How long can inertia last for? | Up to 2 hr. duration---rate of recovery is exponential |
| How can you counter the intertia? | Stimulate senses (Increased metabolic activity) |
| David F. Dinges Study | Reported less sleepy but actually performing at a horrible level. |
| Race Across America Studies | Sleep deprivation combined with exertion of energy. 10 days w/ 1 hr sleep per day resulting in delusions. Aliens, Mailboxes, Cycling while dreaming, crowds cheering at end but wasn't at end, Danish speaking (language cues). |
| Why are doctor's so strongly effected by sleep inertia? | 80 hour work cap per week, 30 continuous hours, (this was done to reduce previous errors due to sleep inertia) |
| Countermeasures for sleepiness and Fatigue (Veasey 2002) | short naps, caffiene, get a good nights sleep before long hours of wake, bright lights |
| Behavioral Treatment for sleep disturbance | Sleep education, Regularity of sleep/wake pattern, Stimulus Control Instructions, Relaxations/Meditations for stress reduction, cognitive therapy |
| ICU disruption of sleep | Patient's physcial condition, medical and nursing procedures, staff talking |
| Auditory Stimuli (measure awakefulness) | Tone to wake up (max 120 decibels), Stage 3/4 hardest to wake up from (SWS), and as you age you wake more easily. |
| Auditory Stimuli during REM | More people wake up from all age groups but need louder tones to wake b/c close to stage 1 and dreaming. |
| ERP | Event related potential: Stimulus presented and common characteristic occurs in each portion of brain F, C, and P. F=Frontal, C=Central, P=Parietal |
| N350 | Stage 1 and 2 and says the person is asleep |
| What kind of learning does sleep promote? | Abstract thinking, pieces together. "test of insight" erases details |
| How does sleep effect memory | Facilatates it, but may not be necesary for it. |
| Whats better in the first half of the night? | Cognitive memory. Bourne Germany Mirror tracing better sleep late gropu? |
| Gilemanalt and Dement study | People remember what occurred 10 minutes before sleep better than 1 minute before sleep and falling asleep erases about 4 minutes of memory before sleep and no effect if victim only sleeps 30 seconds (full memory) |
| Gomez Study | 48 15 month olds familiarized with one of 2 arificial languages. Abstraction affect: they learn a rule but lost the details |
| Dreams in the 2nd century were: | Either 1. literally true or 2. thematically true(house burns down=having a fever) |
| 17th century dreams | dreams are a product of brain working in reduced capacity, somatic cues incorporated into dreams (cues from body and environment became incorporated into your dreams) |
| Sigmund Freud | Dreams were a way of protecting sleep and had personal meaning: repressed sexual or aggressive wishes (drove the content), and symbols disguise the wishes and maintain sleep, and royal road to the unconscious, |
| Carl Jung | Dreams compensate for waking attitudes (opposite of waking) symbols are generic, continuation of wake life, content doesn't appear but emotion does |
| 1 theory of Dream Research | REM sleep=Dream sleep (Hobson, Seligman random stimulation from the brain stem coupling with synthesis from the cortex) |
| Another theory of dream research | REM sleep does not equal Dreams (Foulkes, Antrobus) no difference between REM and NREM mentation. And David Solms (dreams and REM sleep are seperated and best place to find REM sleep is in the brain stem |
| Adaptive Theory of Dreams | The function of dreams is to help assimilate experience |
| Rosalind Cartwright--study of divorce | Point= to regulate our emotions, deal with our stresses (dreaming is good) |
| REM sleep biology | you get more cholonergic stimulation |
| REM is associated with... | activity in the hippocampus, associate with immingula |
| NREM what is more involved? | The cortex (unlike REM with hippocampus and immingula) |
| Is NREM more calming than REM? | Yes, NREM is more calming |
| Content of the dream... | REM sleep has more aggression and fighting because of teh areas of the brain |
| We learn hot to deal with situations: | by having these cognitive reversal dream states, underlying biology can influence the content |
| What is hypnogognic | Picture dreams |
| Dreams age 3-5 | Brief length, animal content, static and non-narrative quality, most in rem, little emotion just happy |
| Dreams age 5-7 | 3x longer than 3-5, animals less dominant, happy feelings related to cognitive maturation, |
| Dreams age 7-9 | longer, apprx adults, actually a participant of the dream, little stories in NREM too, reiable emotional experience (could have bad dreams) |
| 9-11 Dreams | about same length, significant increase in self-participation, things you do in life show up in your dreams |
| 11-13 Dreamers | talking more and moving around, more thinking and mentalisitic acts, peers appear (before you had family and animals) |
| 13-15 dreamers | symbolic activity, emotional quality changes as you get older, dreams of same sex peers rather than adults, higher sleep onset |
| Lucid dreaming | aware you are dreaming during the dream, less cortical activity that is associated w/ normal dream sleep, part of dreaming is that it doesnt allow us to step back and evaluate it. We our the narrators not the evaluaters, |
| Heart rate and respiration during Lucid | INCREASES, rem densitiy increases, some people can control their content in lucid dreams (if well trained) |
| how bad do you want to get high right now? | really bad |
Created by:
cmeiers
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