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Life Span
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Behaviorism | Watson's view; viewed development in terms of learning theory: stressed classical and operant conditioning. |
| Learning theorists | focus on how learning influences behavior |
| Psychoanalytic | Focuses on the roles of internal conflict |
| Social cognitive | Cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning |
| Freud's theory of psychosexual development | Focused on emotional and Social Development in origins of psychological traits such as dependents obsessive neatness and vanity |
| Freud's stages of development | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital |
| Socio-cultural Theory | transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation |
| Operant conditioning | children learn to do something bc of its effects |
| Negative reinforce | A reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of a response |
| Positive reinforce | A reinforcer that when applied increases the frequency of a response |
| Punishment Pro | Tend to be aversive stimuli and decreased the frequency of behavior |
| Punishment con | May suppress behavior only when it's delivery is guaranteed and can create feelings of anger and hostility |
| Observational learning | Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others |
| Piaget cognitive developmental Theory | The stage theory that holds that a child's ability to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience in the maturation of neurological structures |
| Stages of cognitive development | Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational |
| Accommodation | The modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge |
| Assimilation | The incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes |
| Adaptation | The interaction between organisms and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation |
| Information processing Theory | The processes by which people encode information store it and retrieve it and manipulate it to solve problems |
| Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory | The interaction between people and the settings in which they live. It addresses aspects of psychological, social, and emotional development as well as aspects of biological development |
| Vygotsky's sociocultural Theory | concerned with the transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation (ZPD & Scaffolding) |
| Zone of proximal development | refers to a range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone who is more skilled |
| Scaffolding | term for temporary cognitive structures or methods of solving problems that help the child as he or she learns to function independently |
| Nature | human behavior concerned with heredity |
| Nurture | Environmental factors that influence development |
| Genetics | how we study heredity & are fundamental in the transmission of physical traits, such as height, hair texture, and eye color |
| Heredity | Appears to be a factor in almost all aspects of human behavior personality and mental processes |
| Characteristics of normal human cells | Typical human cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs |
| Mitosis | Break apart, unzip. The form of cell division in which each chromosome splits lengthwise to double in number |
| Meiosis | Reduction division. The form of cell division in which each pair of chromosomes split so that one member of each pair moves to the new cell. as a result each new cell has 23 chromosomes |
| Autosomes | 22 pairs; pairs that look alike and possess genetic information concerning the same set of traits |
| Sex chromosomes | 23rd pair; look different from other chromosomes and determine our sex |
| Dominant traits | A trait that is expressed |
| Recessive traits | A trait that is not expressed when the gene or genes involved have been paired with dominant genes |
| Down's Syndrome | A chromosomal abnormality characterized by intellectual disabilities and caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st pair |
| sex linked chromosomal abnormalities | Abnormalities that are transmitted from generation to generation and carried by a sex chromosome |
| Genetic abnormalities | An inherited medical condition caused by a DNA abnormality ( PKU, Huntington's disease, Sickle Cell Anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy) |
| Heredity and environment | The development of our traits is also influenced by nutrition, learning, exercise, accident and illness |
| Phenotypes | The actual set of traits that we exhibit |
| Genotypes | The sets of traits that we inherit from our parents |
| Conception | The union of an ovum and a sperm cell |
| Ova | at birth women have 300,000 to 400,000 in each ovary; these are much larger than sperm |
| Sperm cells | Approximately 500 billion will be developed in a man's lifetime it only takes one to fertilize an ovum. this has 23 chromosomes |
| Stages of prenatal development | Germinal stage, embryonic stage, and Fetal stage |
| Germinal stage | The period from conception to implantation; approx first 2 weeks |
| Embryonic stage | The period from implantation and covers the first two months |
| Fetal stage | The period from the beginning of the third month until birth |
| Teratogen | Environmental influences or agents that can damage the embryo or fetus |
| RH incompatibility | A condition in which antibodies produced by the mother are transmitted to the child, possibly causing brain damage or death |
| Oxytocin | A hormone that stimulates labor contractions |
| The stages of childbirth | First stage, second stage, third stage |
| first stage | Uterine contraction efface and dilate the cervix and is the longest stage lasting from a few hours to more than a day |
| Second stage | Begins with movement of the baby into the birth canal and ends with birth of baby |
| Third stage | The placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled through the birth canal |
| Newborn | Refers to the first day of life, but can refer to the first couple of days |
| Neonate | Refers to the infant in the first 28 days after birth |
| Anoxia | Absence of oxygen |
| Hypoxia | Less oxygen than required |
| Low birth weight | less than 5.5lbs |
| Premature | An infant born before 37 weeks gestation |
| Signs of prematurity | relatively thin, have lanugo and vernix |
| The postpartum period | Refers to the period immediately following childbirth |
| Characteristics of neonate | Are simple, automatic, stereotypical responses that are elicited by certain types of stimulation |
| The rooting reflex | Baby turns the head and mouth toward a stimulus that stroke the cheek chin or corner of the mouth |
| The moro reflex | Arching their back, swinging out the arms and legs and drawing them back to the chest in response to a sudden noise or change in position |
| The grasping reflex | Grasping objects that touch the palm |
| The stepping reflex | Taking steps when held under the arms and lean forward so that feet press the ground |
| The Babinski reflex | Fanning the toes when the soles of the feet are stroked |
| The tonic neck reflex | Turning the head to one side, extending the arm and leg on that side, and flexing the lens on the opposite side |
| Accommodation (vision) | Automatic adjustment of the lens to focus on objects; neonates show little or none of this |
| Converge | Inward movement of the eyes to focus on an object that is drawing nearer |
| Cephalocaudal development | Procedure in the upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body period the head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body during the embryonic stage |
| Proximodistal development | Proceed from the trunk outward, from the Body Central Access toward the periphery. The brain and spinal cord for Central Access down to the body, and it is essential that the nerves in place before infants can get control over their arms and legs |
| Differentiation | The processes by which behaviors and physical structures become specialized |
| Failure to thrive | A disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating an inadequate gains in weight |
| Catch-up growth | A child's growth can be slowed from its genetically predetermined course by many organic factors and a tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of growth is referred to is canalization |
| Neurons | The basic units of the nervous system are cells called this |
| Axon | The long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons through branching structures called axon terminals |
| Dendrites | The root like parts of neurons that receive impulses from other neurons |
| Myelination | The coating of axons with myelin |
| Myelin sheath | A fatty, whitish substance that encases and insulate axons |
| Medulla | The part of the brainstem, is vital in the control heartbeat and respiration |
| Cerebellum | Help the child maintain balance, control motor behavior, and coordinating movements with bodily Sensations |
| Cerebrum | The largest, rounded part of the brain is responsible for learning, thought, memory, and language |
| Importance of myelin | The high fat content of the myelin insulates the neuron from electrically charged atoms in the fluid that encases the nervous system messages are conducted more efficiently |
| Grasping | What is reflexive at first and then voluntary holding replaces reflexive what by 3 to 4 months |
| Ulnar grasp | Grasping objects between the fingers and palm |
| Pincer grasp | Grasping objects between the fingers and the thumb |
| Perceptual constancy | The tendency to perceive an object to be the same, even though the sensations produced by object may differ under various conditions |
| Size constancy | The tendency to perceive the same object as being of the same size even though their retinal sizes vary as a function of their distance |
| Shape constancy | Is tendency to perceive an object as having the same shape even though, once received from another angle, the shape projected onto the retina may change dramatically |
| Habituation | Becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it |
| Development of object permanence | An important aspect of sensorimotor development and is the recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view |
| Piaget's Theory | this remains a comprehensive model of infant cognition |
| Information processing | focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and/or information stored in memory; encode,store,retrieve |
| Imitation | The basis for much of human learning. Mirror neurons are activated when the individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same Act |
| Pre-linguistic | Localizations made by the infant before the use of language do not represent objects or actions |
| Cooing | Pre-linguistic vowel like sounds that reflects feelings of positive and excitement use their tongues |
| Babbling | The first vocalizing that sounds like human speech |
| telegraphic speech | Type of speech in which only the essential words are used |
| Mean length of utterance | The average number of morphemes used in an utterance |
| Holophrases | Single words that are used to express complex meanings |
| Syntax | Rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences |
| Child's first words | Not pronounced clearly and is typically spoken between 11 and 13 months but a range of 8 to 18 months is considered normal |
| Secure attached | A type of attachment characterized by mild distress at leave takings and being readily soothed by reunion |
| Insecure attached | Attachment Behavior characterized by avoiding caregiver, excessive cleaning, or inconsistency |
| Autism spectrum disorders | Characterized by impairment and communication skills and social interaction, and by repetitive, stereotyped Behavior (aspergers, retts) |
| Growth patterns in boys and girls | Both tend to gain about 2 to 3 inches in height per year and weight gains remain fairly even at about 4 to 6 pounds per year. Boys as a group become slightly taller and heavier than girls |
| 75% & 90% | At 2 years the brain already has attained ?% of its adult weight age 5 the brain has reached ?% of its adult weight and increase in brain size is due in part to the continuing myelination of nerve fibers |
| Corpus callosum | a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres |
| Brain plasticity | The tendency of new parts of the brain to take up the functions of injured parts |
| Rough and Tumble play | Helps develop physical and social skills |
| 1000-1400 & 1200-2000 | 2 - 3 year olds need ?-? calories per day and 4-8 year old requires some ?-? calories a day eating balanced diet of protein fruits vegetables grains and dairy products are advised for good health |
| Motor vehicle accidents | Single most common cause of death in early childhood is ? Boys are more likely than girls to incur accidental injuries at all ages and all socioeconomic groups. Poor children are five times as likely to die from fires |
| Enuresis | Failure to control the bladder once the normal age of control has been reached |
| Bedwetting | Failure to control the bladder during the night |
| Encopresis | Failure to control the bowels once the normal age for bowel control has been reached |
| Conservation | In cognitive psychology the principle that properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same when superficial characteristics such as their shapes or Arrangement are changed |
| Centration | Focusing on one aspect or characteristic of a situation or a problem at a time |
| Pragmatics | The Practical aspect of communication such as adaptation of language to fit the social situation |
| Warm parents | affectionate toward their children, caring and supportive, communicate, less likely to use physical discipline |
| Cold parents | May not enjoy their children and may have few feelings of affection for them, likely to complain about their children's Behavior |
| Authoritative | A child rearing style in which parents are restrictive and demanding yet communicate and warm |
| Authoritarian | Child-rearing style in which parents demand submission and obedience "Because I said so" |
| Permissive indulgent | Child rearing style in which parents are warm and not restrictive (i.e. hippies) |
| Rejecting neglecting | Child-rearing style in which parents are neither restrictive and controlling nor supportive and responsive |
| Non-social play | Solitary forms of play |
| Social play | Play in which children interact with and are influenced by others |
| Development of Hearing | By 18 months the accuracy of sound localizing ability approaches that of adults |
| Boys | ? generally reach half of there adult height by 2 years old |
| Girls | ? generally reach half of there adult height by 18 months old |
| five | infants usually double their birth weight in about ? months |
| first | infants usually triple their birth weight by ? year |
| second | children usually gain 4-7 lbs by their ? year |
| first major | ? ? growth spurt of the brain occurs during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development when neurons proliferate |
| second major | ? ? growth spurt in the brain occurs between the 25th week of prenatal development and the end of the second year after birth. due to proliferation of dendrites and axon terminals |
| walk | by 12-15 months they ? by themselves earning them the name of toddler |
| 16 weeks | turns from stomach to side |
| 20 weeks | turns from stomach to back |
| 28 weeks | turns from back to stomach |
| 30 weeks | sits up |
| 36 weeks | crawls |
| 40-44 weeks | creeps and kneels up |
| 54 weeks | stands up |
| 64 weeks | starts to walk |
| 78 weeks | fully walking |
| sensorimotor stage | refers to the first two years of cognitive development |
| morphemes | the smallest unit of meaning in a language |
| overextenstion | trying to talk about more things than you have words for |
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Slmallory83
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