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Learn and Condition
Learning and Conditioning Modules 27 through 31
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | Any relative permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience. |
| Associative Learning | The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses. |
| Cognitive Learning | Higher-level learning involving thinking, knowing, understanding, and anticipation. |
| Reflex Response /Unconditional Response | An innate reflex response. (blinking) |
| Stimulated Response/Conditioned Response | A learned response by a conditioned stimulus. |
| Pavlov | Discovered classical conditioning. Was studying dogs and digestion. Noticed that the dogs began to drool before the food came because they knew it was coming. |
| B.F Skinner | Operant Conditioning. Interested in emitted behaviors, and voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences. |
| John B Watson | 1913. Little Albert Experiment. |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that does not evoke a response. |
| Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response. |
| Conditioned stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that evokes a response. |
| Conditioned response (CR) | A learned response by a conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction (in both CC & OC) | The weakening of a conditioned response. |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of a learned response after it's apparent extinction. |
| Stimulus generalization | The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to, but not identical to, a conditioned stimulus. |
| Discrimination training | The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli. |
| Conditioned emotional response (CER) | An emotional response that has been linked to a previously non-emotional stimulus by classical conditioning. |
| Systematic Densensitization | Reducing fear or anxiety by repeatedly exposing a person to emotional stimuli while the person is deeply relaxed. |
| Vicarious classical conditioning | Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus. |
| Positive reinforcement | Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event. |
| Negative reinforcement | Occurs when a response is followed by an end of discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event. |
| Punishment | Presentation of a stimulus following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the response being repeated. |
| Shaping | gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern. |
| Creation of Phobias through Classical Conditioning | When a stimulus causes a traumatic conditioned emotional response a person can gain a phobia. (Little Albert Experiment) (clanged symbols behind an infants head every time it came into contact with something soft and furry. Child gained a phobia. |
| Primary Reinforcers | Non-learned reinforcers; usually those that satisfy physiological needs. |
| Secondary Reinforcer | A learned reinforcer often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer. |
| Token Reinforcer | A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like. |
| Social Reinforcer | Reinforced based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person. |
| Superstitious Behavior | A behavior that is repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement, even though it is unnecessary. |
| Continuous reinforncement | A pattern in which a reinforcer follows every correct response. |
| Partial reinforcement | A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced. |
| Fixed ratio schedule | A set number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example a reinforcer is given for every 4 correct responses. |
| Fixed interval schedule | A reinforcer is given only when a correct response is made only after a set amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced. |
| Variable Ratio schedule | A varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer. For example, a reinforcer is given after 3 to 7 correct responses; the actual number changes randomly. |
| Variable Interval schedule | A reinforcer is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response. Responses made during the time interval are not reinforced. |
| Difference between punishment, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement? | Punishment is an event that follows the response in order to decrease it's likelihood, positive reinforcement occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event, negative reinforcement increases responding by removing discomfort. |
| Problems with Punishment? | Only temporary. The punisher becomes feared or not respected. Escape and avoidance (child who runs away from angry parent, soon beins to lie about behavior to avoid punishment. Can increase aggression. |
| Observational Learning (Bobo) | Child who sees adult beating up a toy, does the same thing when given the same toy. |
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