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Chapter 6 Psychology
Keys terms chapter 6 (psychology in your life - Grison Heatherton, Gazzanga)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A change in behavior, resulting from experience |
| Habituation | a decrease in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Sensitization | An increase in behavioral response after lengthy or repeated exposure to a stimulus |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learned response in which a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces a response |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | a stimulus that elicits a response that is innate and not learned |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | A response that is not learned; it is innate |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A stimulus that is learned |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. |
| Acquisition | A gradual formation of an association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli |
| Extiction | A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus |
| Spontaneous recovery | A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the conditioned stimulus is presentation |
| Stimulus Generalization | Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response. |
| Stimulus Discrimination | A differentiation between 2 similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A learning process in which the consequences of an action determine the likelihood that the action will be performed in the future. |
| Positive reinforcement | the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated |
| Negative Punishment | the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated |
| Positive Punishment | the addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will occur |
| Negative Punishment | The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behavior will occur |
| Fixed interval schedule | Reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after a predetermined amount of time since the last reward |
| Fixed ratio schedule | Reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred a predetermined amount of times |
| variable Interval schedule | reinforcing the occurrence of a particular behavior after an unpredictable and varying amount of time since the last reward. |
| variable ratio schedule | Reinforcing a particular behavior after the behavior has occurred a unpredictable and varying number of times |
| Partial-reinforement extinction effect | The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforement |
| cognitive map | A visuospatial mental representation of an environment |
| latent learning | Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement |
| insight learning | A sudden understanding of how to solve a problem after a period of time inaction or thinking about the problem |
| observational learning | The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior |
| modeling | The imitation of behavior through observational learning |
| vicarious conditioning | Learning the consequence of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action |
| non-associative learning | learning about stimulus from external world such as sight, smell, or sound. ex: habituation and sensitization |
| associative learning | understanding how two or more pieces of information are related to each other. ex: classical and operant |
| Second-order conditioning | When another conditioned stimulus is added that works almost the same as the CS but not paired with the US even though it still elicits a response |
| Counterconditioning | exposing someone to a fear with something enjoyable to overcome a fear |
| systematic desensitiztion | (created by Joseph Wolpe) entering a state of relaxation then thinking of the feared object while using relaxation techniques then being exposed to the fear in order to break connection. |
| Thorndike's Experiment | (useing a cat, food, and lever) theory of learning, the law of effect that any behavior that have a satisfying outcome is very likely to happen again. and vise versa |
| Skinner's Experiment | (useing rat, food, and lever) Same as Thorndike but coined terms operant and reinforcer |
| Shaping | Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior. |
| Premack Principle | Using a more valued activity to reinforce a less valued activity "eat your spinach and then you'll get dessert" |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcement each time it occurs |
| partial reinforcment | reinforcing depending on the schedule |
| Behavior Modification | is the use of operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones |
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