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Chapter 3 Notes
The Biological and Evolutionary Bases of Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Species originate and change over time because of what? | Natural Selection |
| Neuron | The basic unit of the nervous system; a cell that receives, processes and relays information to other cells, glands and muscles. |
| Dendrites | The branched fibers of neurons that receive incoming signals. |
| Soma | The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and cytoplasm. |
| Axon | The extended fiber of a neuron through which nerve impluses travel from the soma to the terminal buttons. |
| Terminal buttons | The bulblike structures at the branched endings of axons that contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters. |
| Sensory Neurons | The neurons that carry messages from sense receptors toward the central nervous system. |
| Motor Neurons | The neurons that carry messages away from the central nervous system toward the muscles and glands. |
| Glia | The cells that hold neurons together and facilitate neural transmission, remove damaged and dead neurons, and prevent poisonous substances in the blood from reaching the brain. |
| Excitatory Inputs | Information entering a neuron that signals it to fire. |
| Inhibitory Inputs | Information entering a neuron that singals it not to fire. |
| Action Potential | The nerve impulse activated in a neuron that travels down the axon and causes neurotransmitters to be released into a synapse. |
| Resting Potential | The polarization of cellular fluid within a neuron, which provides the capability to produce an action potential. |
| Ion Channels | The portions of neurons' cell membranes that selectively permit certain ions to flow in and out. |
| All-or-None Law | The rule that the size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level. |
| Refractory Period | The period of rest during which a new nerve impulse cannot be activated in a segment of an axon. |
| Synapse | The gap between one neuron and another. |
| Syntapic Transmission | The relaying information from one neuron to another across the synaptic gap. |
| Neurotransmitters | The chemical messengers released from neurons that cross the synapse from one neuron to another, stimulating the postsynaptic neuron. |
| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid; the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. |
| Catecholamines | A class of chemica substances that include two important neurotransmitters, dopamine and norepinephrine. |
| Neuromodulator | Any substance that modifies or modulates the activities of the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Broca's Area | The region of the brain that translates thoughts into speech or signs. |
| Lesions | Injuries to or destruction of brain tissue. |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | A technique for producing temporary inactivation of brain areas using repeated pulses of magnetic stimulation. |
| Walter Hess | Pioneered the use of electrical stimulation to probe structures deep in the brain. |
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) | A recording of the electrical activity of the brain. |
| PET Scans | Brain images produced by a device that obtains detailed pictures of activity in the living brain by recording the radioactivity emitted by cells during different cognitive or behavioral activities. |
| Functional MRI (fMRI) | A brain-imaging technique that combines benefits of both MRI and PET scans by detecting magnetic changes in the flow of blood to cells in the brain. |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The part of the nervous system composed of the spinal and cranial nerves that connect the body's sensory receptors to the CNS and the CNS to the muscles and glands. |
| Somatic Nervous System | The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles and skin. |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's involuntary motor responses by connecting the sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS) and the CNS to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
| Sympathetic Division | The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that deals with emergency response and the mobilization of energy. |
| Parasympathetic Division | The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that monitors the routine operation of the body's internal functions and conserves and restores body energy. |
| What is the most important component of your central nervous system? | The brain. |
| Brain Stem | The brain structure that regulates the body's basic life processes. |
| Medulla | The region of the brain stem that regulates breathing, waking and heartbeat. |
| Pons | The region of the brain stem that connects the spinal cord with the brain and links parts of the brain to one another. |
| Reticular Formation | The region of the brain stem that alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals and is responsible for maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep. |
| Thalamus | The brain structure that relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex. |
| Cerebellum | The region of the brain attached to the brain stem that controls motor coordination, posture, and balance as well as the ability to learn control of body movements. |
| The Limbic System | The region of the brain that regulates emotional behavior, basic motivational urges, and memory, as well as major physiological functions. |
| Hippocampus | The part of the limbic system that is involved in the acquisition of explicit memory. |
| Amygdala | The part of the limbic system that controls emotion, aggression, and the formation of emotional memory. |
| Hypothalamas | The brain structure that regulates motivated behavior (such as eating and drinking) and homeostasis. |
| Homeostasis | Constancy or equilibrium of the internal conditions of the body. |
| Cerebrum | The region of the brain that regulates higher cognitive and emotional functions. |
| Cerebral Cortex | The outer surface of the cerebrum. |
| Cerebral Hemisphere | The two halves of the cerebrum, connected by the corpus callosum. |
| Corpus Callosum | The mass of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
| Frontal Lobe | Region of the brain located above the lateral fissure and in front of the central sulcus; involved in motor control and cognitive activities. |
| Parietal Lobe | Region of the brain behind the frontal lobe and above the lateral fissure; contains somatosensory cortex. |
| Occipital Lobe | Rearmost region of the brain; contains primary visual cortex. |
| Temporal Lobe | Region of the brain found below the lateral fissure; contains auditory cortex. |
| Motor Cortex | The region of the cerebral cortex that controls the action of the body's voluntary muscles. |
| Somatosensory Cortex | The region of the parietal lobes that processes sensory input from various body areas. |
| Auditory Cortex | The nerve that carries impluses from the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus of the brain. |
| Visual Cortex | The region of the occipital lobes in which visual imformation is processed. |
| Association Cortex | The parts of the cerebral cortex in which many high-level brains processes occur. |
| Endocrine System | The network of glands that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. |
| What are the four lobes of the central cortex? | The frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe. |
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? | Involved in motor control and cognitive activities, such as planning, making decisions and setting goals. |
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? | Responsible for sensations of touch, pain and temperature. |
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? | The final destination for visual information. |
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? | Responsible for the processes of hearing. |
| How does the endocrine system affect moods and emotions? | The endocrine system manufactures and secretes chemical messengers called hormones which are very important to everday functioning. Hormones serve as the basis for mood changes. |
| Plasticity | Changes in the performance of the brain. |
| Explain the relationship between dopamine and schizophrenia. | Higher-than-normal levels of dopamine have been found in persons with schizophrenia. One way to treat people with this disorder is to give them a drug that decreases brain levels of dopamine. |
| How do phenothiazines work? | Phenothiazines are known to act as dopamine receptor sites. The administration of phenothiazines causes a pattern of (eventual) changes in expression of positive schizophrenic symptoms, as well as a pattern of side effects. |
| What does the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex control? | Plays a key role in problem solving, speech, |
| What does the right hemisphere of the cerebral cortex control? | Indentification, matching, assembly of objects, creativity, helps do the broader searches of memory. |
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tamucnursing
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