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Chapter 1 Notes
Psychology and Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define psychology | The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. |
| List the goals of psychology as a science | Describe, Explain, Predict & Control |
| Cognitive Psychologists | Focus on basic cognitive processes such as memory and language |
| Social Psychologists | Focus on the social forces that shape people's attitudes and behaviors. |
| Industrial-Organization Psychologists | Focus their efforts on improving people's adjustment in the workplace. |
| School Psychologists | Focus on student's adjustment in educational settings. |
| Most psychologists work in ____________ | Independent Practice and Academic Settings |
| Structuralism | The study of the structure of mind and behavior; based on the presumption that all human mental experiences could be understood as the combination of basic components. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Pioneered by Max Wertheiner; focuses on the way in which the mind understands many experiences as gestalts--organized wholes--rather than as the sums of simple parts. |
| Functionalism | Opposition of structuralism; Pioneered by William James. Gave primary importance to the learned habits that enable organisms to adapt to their environment and to function effectively. |
| Biological Perspective | Identifying causes of behavior that focus on the functioning of the genes, the brain, the nervous system and the endocrine system. |
| Cognitive Perspective | Stresses human thought and the processes of knowing, such as attending, thinking, remembering, expecting, solving problems, fantasizing and conciousness. |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | Behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces; actions are views as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements. |
| Humanistic Perspective | Emphasizes an individual's phenomenal world and inherent capacity for making choices and developing to maximum potential. |
| Sociocultural/Cultural Perspective | Focuses on cross cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behavior. |
| Behaviorist Perspective | Observable behavior that can be objectively recorded and with the relationships of observable behavior to environmental stimuli. |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Stresses the importance of behavioral and mental adaptiveness, based on the assumption that mental capabilities evolved over millions of years to serve particular adaptive processes. |
| Scientific method | The set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable generalizations. |
| Health Psychologists | Study how different lifestyles affect physical, health, design & evaluate prevention programs to help people change unhealthy behaviors and cope with stress. |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Founded the first formal laboratory devoted to experimental psychology in 1879. |
| Edward Titchener | Founded a laboratory at Cornell University in 1892. |
| William James | Wrote "The Principles of Psychology" |
| G. Stanley Hall | Founded The American Psychological Association in 1892. |
| Behavior | The means by which organisms adjust to their environment. |
| Behavioral Data | Reports of observations about the behavior of organisms and the conditions under which the behavior occurs. |
| Behavioral Neuroscience | A multidisciplinary field that attempts to understand the brain processes that underlie behavior. |
| Behaviorism | A scientific approach that limits the study of psychology to measurable or observable behavior. |
| Cognitive Neuroscience | A multidisciplinary field that attempts to understand the brain processes that underlie higher cognitive functions in brains. |
| What kind of psychologist could answer the question, "How can I cope better with day-to-day problems?" | Clinical Psychologist |
| Why kind of psychology could answer the question, "Why do I get sick before every exam?" | Health Psychologist |
| What kind of psychologist could answer the question, "Why does my job make me depressed?" | Industrial Psychologists |
| What kind of psychologist could answer the question, "How should teachers deal with disruptive students?" | School Psychologists |
| PQ4R | Preview, Questions, Read, Reflect, Recite and Review |
| Functionalism was developed by | James and Dewey |
| Structuralism was developed by | Wundt and Titchener |
Created by:
tamucnursing
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