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Chapter 5 psychology
chapter 5 (pychology in your life - Grison, Heatherton, Gazzaniga)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensation | sense organs detection of external physical stimulus and the transmission of information about this stimulus to the brain. |
| Perception | the processing, organization, and interpretation, of sensory signals, in the brain; these processes result in an internal neural representation of the physical stimulus. |
| Sensory receptors | sensory organs that detect physical stimulation from the external world and change that stimulation into information that can be processed by the brain. |
| Transduction | a process by which sensory receptors change physical stimuli into signals that are eventually sent to the brain. |
| absolute threshold | smallest amount of stimulation needed to detect sensory input |
| difference threshold | the minimum difference in physical stimulation needed to detect between sensory inputs (remember Webers law - just noticeable difference) |
| signal detection theory and the 4 outcomes | detection of a faint stimulus requires a judgement, hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection. |
| 4 parts of brain and senses that reside there | frontal - olfactory and gustatory/smell and taste, Occipital - primary visual cortex, pariatal - Somatosensory cortex /touch, temporal - primary auditory crotex |
| Sensory adaptation | a decrease in sensation to a constant level of stimulation |
| cornea | think transparent OUTER layer of the eye |
| pupil | small opening that looks like dark circle in the center of the eye. |
| iris | give color, controls pupil size and determines how much light enters the eye (also increase pupil size when you see something you like) |
| lens | adjustable transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses on light on the retina, resulting in a crisp visual image |
| retina | thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball; contains sensory receptors |
| rods | detect light |
| cones | detect color |
| ganglion cells | the first true neurons in the visual system because they fire action potentials. |
| optic nerve | each of the second pair of cranial nerves, transmitting impulses to the brain from the retina at the back of the eye. |
| primary visual cortex | region of the brain that provides basic information about what is seen (orientation, size, movement) |
| trichromatic theory | There are 3 types of cone receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color perception. Each type responds optimally to different, but overlapping ranges of wavelength. |
| opponent process theory | the proposal that ganglion cells in the retina receive excitatory input from one type of cone, and inhibitory input from another type of cone creating the perception that some colors are opposites |
| grouping | the visual system's organization of features and regions to create the perception of a whole unified object. |
| Gestalt Pychology/ Gestalt principles of grouping | it describes several principles of grouping that explain how we perceive features of the visual field as a unified, whole object. |
| bottom-up processing | The perception pf objects is due to the analysis of environmental stimulus input by sensory receptors; this analysis then influences the more complex, conceptual processing of that information in the brain. |
| Top-down processing | The perception of objects is due to the complex analysis of prior experiences ad expectations within the brain; this analysis influences how sensory receptors process stimulus input from the environment. |
| binocular depth cues | Cues of depth perception that arise because people have two eyes. Seeing 3 dimensional objects |
| monocular depth cues | cues of depth perception that are available to each eye alone; we perceive 3-dimensionality in 2-dimensional images by using one eye |
| examples of monocular depth cues | occlusion, height in field, relative size, familiar size, linear perspective, texture gradient. |
| examples of binocular depth cues | binocular disparity- different views on the retina |
| stroboscopic motion and motion after effects | STM - illusion of still slightly diferent images put together tp perceive motion. MA - the momentary feeling after staring at something moving then looking at a stationary scene where you feel the new scene is moving in the opposite direction. |
| eardrum | A thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate |
| cochlea | A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that ouses the sensory receptors. |
| hair cells | sensory receptors located in the cochlea that detect sound waves and transduce them into signals that ultimately are processed in the brain as sound. |
| explain ear structure | outer ear, ossicles, eardrum, middle ear, inner ear |
| auditory nerve | sends information to the sensory processing center of the thalamus and finally to the primary auditory cortex |
| temporal coding | the perception of lower pitched sounds is a result of the rate at which hair cells are stimulated by sound waves of lower frequencies. |
| place coding | The perception of higher-pitched sounds is a result of the location on the basilar membrane where hair cells are stimulated by sounds waves varying higher frequencies |
| taste buds | structure located in papillea on the tongue, that contain the sensory receptors called taste receptors. |
| papillae | structures on the tongue that contain groupings of taste buds. |
| five basic taste qualities | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (japanese for savory or yummy) |
| olfactory epithelium | A thin layer of tissue, deep within the nasal cavity, containing the olfactory receptors; these sensory receptors produce information that is processed in the brain as smell. |
| olfactory receptors | they detect odorant molecules |
| olfactory bulb | A brain structure above the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity; from this structure, the olfactory nerve carries information about smell to the brain. |
| fast fibers | myelinated fibers that perceive sharp immediate pain |
| slow fibers | unmyelinated fibers that perceive chronic, dull, steady pain |
| kinesthetic sense | tells us how body and limbs are positioned in space |
| vestibular sense | allows us to maintain balance |
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