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Human Development
Human Development/Lifespan Modules 12-16
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecular structure that contains coded genetic information |
| Chromosomes | Thread like colored bodies in the nucleus of each cell that are made up of DNA |
| Genotype | Underlying genetic makeup. |
| Phenotype | Traits that are expressed. |
| Dominant Gene | The gene’s feature will appear each time the gene is present. Always. Every time. |
| Recessive | The gene’s feature will appear only if it is paired with another recessive gene. |
| Polygenic | Characteristics that are controlled by many genes working in combination maturation, the physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system. |
| Conception | When the sperm penetrates the ovum. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg. |
| Germinal Period | The first two weeks after conception. |
| Embryonic Period | Weeks 3 through 8 after conception |
| Fetal Period | Two months after conception until birth. |
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome – FAS. | Defects in infants born to mothers who drink heavily. Leading cause of retardation. Disabilities, academic achievement, impulse control, social perception, communication, abstraction, math skills, memory, attention, judgement, fine motor, coordination. |
| Grasping Reflex | If an object is placed in the infants hand, she’ll grasp it automatically. |
| Rooting Reflex | Lightly touch the infants cheek, and she’ll turn toward the object and attempt to nurse. Helps them to find the nipple or food. Turning head and opening mouth. |
| Sucking Reflex | Touch an object or nipple to infants mouth and she’ll make rhythmic sucking movements. |
| Babinski Reflex | Fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked. |
| Moro Reflex | If baby is started, hugging motion, arms out, arch back. |
| Patterns of Muscular Control | Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal- Cephalocaudal: from head to toe. Proximodistal: From center of body to the extremes. |
| Parentese (aka motherese) | Early communication. Parents work hard to get their child to smile and talk. Pattern of speech used when talking to infants. Raised voice, short, simple sentences, repetition, exaggerated voice inflictions. |
| Separation anxiety | Crying and signs of fear when a child is left alone or with a stranger. Generally appears around 8-12 months. Mild separation anxiety is normal. |
| Separation Anxiety Disorder | These children are miserable when they are separated from their parents, whom they cling to or constantly follow. Some fear that they will get lost and never see their parents again. |
| Object Permanence | Concept that objects still exist when they are out of sight. |
| Conservation | Children under the age of 7 lack this mastery of the concept that they weight mass, volume of matter remain unchanged even when the shape or appearance changed. (smushed playdough) |
| Animism | Giving human qualities to an inanimate object. |
| Egocentrism | Thought that is unable to accommodate viewpoints of others. |
| Artificialism | The belief that Natural Phenomenons are created by humans. |
| Imaginary Audience | The belief that teenagers have that everyone around them is watching them, judging, scrutinizing their every move. Can become painfully self conscious as a result. |
| Hypothetico deductive reasoning | Part of the formal operations stage. 11 years and up. Youth can now consider a problem or solution, and can identify the many variables that may influence the affect or outcome. More scientific and logical in the way they solve problems. |
| Personal Fable | The belief that teens have that they have unique abilities or problems, different from anyone else in the world. Can lead to risky behavior. |
| Scaffolding | Process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed. |
| Zone Of Proximal Development – ZPD | The range of tasks a child cannot yet master alone, but that she can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner. |
| Sensory System of an Infant | They Prefer circular shapes. Infants can see, hear, smell, taste, and respond to pain and touch. Sight is immature. They can detect movement and large objects less that 12 inches away. Can see mostly clear by a year old. |
| 3 Emotions at Birth According to Izard | First interest, followed by joy, anger, and sadness. |
| Important Role of Social Smile | By the age of 8-12 months infants smile when another person is near by. This is important because the infant needs to attract adults to care for it. Especially mom and dad. |
| Comfort Contact – Contact Comfort | an infant monkey clings to a cloth covered mother. Baby monkeys become more attached to the cloth mother, even when a wire mom provides food. |
| Emotional Attachment | Close emotional bonds that babies form with caregivers. By 2-3 months, babies prefer their mother to strangers. |
| Authoritarian Parenting Style | Rigid rules, demand strict obedience, emotionally cold, withhold love + affection as punishment, results in a child who is obedient, self controlled, emotionally stiff, withdrawn, apprehensive, lacking in curiosity, dependant on adults for approval low se |
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