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Exercise 38
Anatomy of the Digestive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alimentary Canal Mucosa (wall layer) subdivisions | surface epithelium, lamina propria, musculars mucosae |
| mucosa major functions | secretion, absorption, and protection |
| Alimentary Canal Submucosa (wall layer) subdivisions | none |
| submucosa major functions | nutrition and protection |
| Alimentary Canal Muscularis Externa (wall layer) subdivisions | smooth muscle layers are.......Innerlayer circulatory, outer layer longitudinally |
| Muscularis Externa functions | regulator of GI motility |
| Alimentary Canal Serosa or adventitia (wall layer) subdivisions | Viscera peritoneum, mesothelium, adventitia (epithelium and connective tissues) |
| Alimentary Canal Serosa or adventitia functions | anchors, protects, and reduces frictions |
| The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the...? | digestive (GI) canal or the alimentary tract. |
| How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified? | Besides circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscles, it has innermost layer that runs obliquely. |
| How does the modification of the muscularis externa relate to the function of the stomach? | Lets stomach mix, churn, and move food along tract (circular/longitudinal) but also to pummel food, break down into smaller pieces and ram food to small intestine (oblique) |
| What transition in epithelial type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? (alimentary tract) | squamous cells in the esophagus to columnar cells in the gastric mucosa |
| How do the epithelia of esophagus and gastric mucosa relate to their specific functions? | Simple columnar (gastric) for absorption and stratified squamous (esophagus) for protection |
| Differentiate the colon from the large intestine | Large intestine extends from ileocecal valve to anus, but colon is part of the large intestine and divided into: Ascending, descending, and sigmoid colon |
| mesentery | structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall |
| villi | fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption |
| Peyer's patches | large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine |
| circular folds | deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine. |
| tongue | mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing |
| pharynx | conduit for both air and food |
| esophagus | the "gullet"; no digestive/absorption function |
| rugae | folds of the gastric mucosa |
| microvilli | projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell |
| ileocecal valve | valve at the junction of the small and large intestines |
| small intestine | primary region of food and water absorption |
| frenulum | membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
| large intestine | absorbs water and forms feces |
| vestibule | area between the teeth and lip/cheeks |
| appendix | wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum |
| stomach | initiates protein digestion |
| lesser omentum | structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach |
| pyloric valve | valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum |
| soft palate | posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity |
| duodenal glands | produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine |
| salivary glands | produce (s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth |
| pancreas | produce(s) many enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum |
| liver | produce(s) bile that it secretes into teh duodenum via the bile duct |
| gastric glands | produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen |
| Intestinal crypts | found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice |
| Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainlhy serous? | paratid gland |
| What is the role of the gallbladder? | stores bile |
| Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. | hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct |
| Where would you expect to find the stellate macrophages of the liver? What is their function? | Find in sinusoid walls. Function is to remove debris such as bacteria or wornout blood cells from the blood |
| Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? | Because it had a high amount of blood that circulates through the liver |
| The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells--those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? | acinar cells |
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pkts68