Anatomy of the Digestive System
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| Alimentary Canal Mucosa (wall layer) subdivisions | surface epithelium, lamina propria, musculars mucosae
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| mucosa major functions | secretion, absorption, and protection
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| Alimentary Canal Submucosa (wall layer) subdivisions | none
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| submucosa major functions | nutrition and protection
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| Alimentary Canal Muscularis Externa (wall layer) subdivisions | smooth muscle layers are.......Innerlayer circulatory, outer layer longitudinally
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| Muscularis Externa functions | regulator of GI motility
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| Alimentary Canal Serosa or adventitia (wall layer) subdivisions | Viscera peritoneum, mesothelium, adventitia (epithelium and connective tissues)
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| Alimentary Canal Serosa or adventitia functions | anchors, protects, and reduces frictions
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| The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the...? | digestive (GI) canal or the alimentary tract.
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| How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified? | Besides circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscles, it has innermost layer that runs obliquely.
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| How does the modification of the muscularis externa relate to the function of the stomach? | Lets stomach mix, churn, and move food along tract (circular/longitudinal) but also to pummel food, break down into smaller pieces and ram food to small intestine (oblique)
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| What transition in epithelial type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? (alimentary tract) | squamous cells in the esophagus to columnar cells in the gastric mucosa
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| How do the epithelia of esophagus and gastric mucosa relate to their specific functions? | Simple columnar (gastric) for absorption and stratified squamous (esophagus) for protection
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| Differentiate the colon from the large intestine | Large intestine extends from ileocecal valve to anus, but colon is part of the large intestine and divided into: Ascending, descending, and sigmoid colon
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| mesentery | structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall
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| villi | fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption
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| Peyer's patches | large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine
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| circular folds | deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine.
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| tongue | mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing
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| pharynx | conduit for both air and food
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| esophagus | the "gullet"; no digestive/absorption function
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| rugae | folds of the gastric mucosa
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| microvilli | projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell
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| ileocecal valve | valve at the junction of the small and large intestines
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| small intestine | primary region of food and water absorption
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| frenulum | membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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| large intestine | absorbs water and forms feces
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| vestibule | area between the teeth and lip/cheeks
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| appendix | wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum
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| stomach | initiates protein digestion
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| lesser omentum | structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach
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| pyloric valve | valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum
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| soft palate | posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity
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| duodenal glands | produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine
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| salivary glands | produce (s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth
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| pancreas | produce(s) many enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum
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| liver | produce(s) bile that it secretes into teh duodenum via the bile duct
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| gastric glands | produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen
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| Intestinal crypts | found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice
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| Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainlhy serous? | paratid gland
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| What is the role of the gallbladder? | stores bile
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| Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver. | hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct
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| Where would you expect to find the stellate macrophages of the liver? What is their function? | Find in sinusoid walls. Function is to remove debris such as bacteria or wornout blood cells from the blood
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| Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? | Because it had a high amount of blood that circulates through the liver
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| The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells--those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? | acinar cells
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