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PSYCH BIOPSYCH TEST
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Biopsych Test Flashcards 2022
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/ function of the "Spinal Cord"? | Forms a communication link between the brain and the Peripheral Nervous System. (Pg. 34) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/ function of the "Medulla"? | Part of the hindbrain; connects the spinal cord with the brain and helps regulate basic bodily functions. (Pg. 36.) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/ function of the "Cerebellum"? | Controls body balance, movement, & muscle coordination. (Pg. 36) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/function of the "Thalamus"? | Relay station for sensory information including visual, auditory, and tactile (touch) stimuli. (Pg. 36) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/function of the "Hypothalamus"? | Relates to motivating behaviors such as eating and drinking; regulates temperature; & influences the Pituitary Gland. (Pg. 36.) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/function of the "Cerebrum"? | Largest part of the forebrain; divided into two hemispheres (left & right hemispheres of the brain). (Pg. 37) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/function of the "Cerebral Cortex"? | Area of the brain where "messages from our sense organs are interpreted and stored, and where decisions about behavior are made". (Pg. 37) |
| Electrical impulses trigger ____________________ at the Axon Ending to release ____________________, which control many aspects of human behavior and biology. | Vesicles; Neurotransmitters. |
| In class, we discussed one type of medication - an SSRI - that helps people living with Depressive Disorders. How do SSRI's help these patients? | SSRI stands for Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor. These medications help receptor sites on the Dendrite of the next Neuron to absorb more Serotonin, which alleviates Depression symptoms. |
| What is the purpose of the Myelin Sheath? | This helps to protect the Axons by surrounding them with this material. Myelin is a fatty substance that appears light grey under an electron microscope. |
| In class, I mentioned that "memories (were) simply a neuro - chemical response to stimuli". What kinds of ions, which are passed from cell to cell, make up this neuro - chemical response? | Positively charged sodium and potassium (Na+ and Ka+) ions. |
| What biopsychological evidence is there for the fact that men's and women's brains process information slightly differently? | 1.) Women have a larger corpus callosum relative to brain size, leading to better communication between the two brain hemispheres; 2.) Women also have a greater density of neurons in the temporal cortex, facilitating language & speech. (pg. 38) |
| What is the primary responsibility of the Peripheral Nervous System? | To carry messages from the sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. (Pg. 39) |
| What does the Peripheral Nervous System include? | All of the nerves other than the brain and spinal cord. (Pg. 39) |
| What does the Somatic Nervous System include? | This involves all of the sense organs & skeletal muscles located close to the outside surface of the body. (Pg. 40) |
| What does the Autonomic Nervous System include? | It connects the central nervous system to the endocrine glands, the muscles controlling the heart, and the primarily involuntary smooth muscles controlling the internal organs such as he stomach, intestines, liver, & lungs. (Pg. 40) |
| What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do in the body? | It causes your heart to slow down, the blood pressure to be lowered, and breathing to become lowered. (Pg. 40) |
| What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do in the body? | It causes your heart rate to increase, your blood pressure to rise, and breathing to get faster. (Pg. 40) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process is the neurotransmitter "Acetylcholine" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming. (Pg. 86) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process is the neurotransmitter "Norepinephrine" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in "vigilance and attention". It is linked to the "fight or flight" response. (Pg. 86) |
| Neurotransmitter: What process is the neurotransmitter "Serotonin" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in "emotional states and impulsiveness". Low levels of this in our bodies trigger anxiety, food cravings, & aggressive behavior. (Pg. 86) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process is the neurotransmitter "Dopamine" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in rewards, motivation, & motor control over voluntary movements. (Pg. 87) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process is the neurotransmitter "GABA" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in the inhibition of action potentials and anxiety reduction. (Pg. 87) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process is the neurotransmitter "Glutamate" responsible for? | This neurotransmitter plays a part in the enhancement of action potentials, learning, and memory. (Pg. 87 & 88) |
| Neurotransmitters: What process are "Endorphins" responsible for? | These neurotransmitters play a part in pain reduction. (Pgs. 87 & 88) |
| Monozygotic Twins are also known as ____________________ __________________. | These twins are known as "identical twins". (Pg. 120) |
| Dizygotic Twins are also known as ___________________ _______________. | These twins are known as "fraternal twins". (Pg. 120) |
| How are Monozygotic Twins formed (on a cellular level)? | These twins are formed when one (1) zygote splits in two, the twins share the same genes as a result. (Pg. 120) |
| How are Dizygotic Twins formed (on a cellular level)? | These twins are formed when two separately fertilized eggs. Because of this, they are NOT genetically similar. (Pg. 120) |
| What is one (1) way that "twin studies" can be conducted? | These studies can be conducted by comparing identical twins who were raised together with identical twins who were raised apart. (Pg. 121) |
| What does the term "heritability" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a statistical estimate of the extent to which variation in a trait within a population is due to genetics". (Pg. 122) |
| What does the term "epigenetics" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the way in which the environment affects genetic expression". (Pg. 122) |
| What is one (1) contribution that the study of "epigenetics" has shown us? | One (1) thing this field of study has shown us is that "various environmental exposures do not alter DNA, but they do alter DNA expression". (Pg. 123) |
| What does the field of study known as "optogenetics" use as its main focus of research? | The main focus of this field of study is the relationship between neural firing and behavior. (Pg. 125) |
| How are "optogenetics" studies conducted? | These studies are done by combining light (optics) with gene alterations. (Pg. 125) |
| What is the difference between a "genotype" and a "phenotype"? | An organism's "genotype" is its genetic make up and it never changes. Its "phenotype" is its observable physical characteristics and is always changing. (Pg. 115) |
| What does the term "radical hemispherectomy" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to a surgical procedure in which an entire cerebral hemisphere is removed. (Pg. 113) |
| Why are "radical hemispherectomies" performed? | These surgeries are performed on children who have been "diagnosed with severe and uncontrollable epilepsy that has paralyzed 1 or more limbs". (Pg. 113) |
| What does the term "split brain" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a condition that occurs when the corpus callosum is surgically cut & the 2 hemispheres of the brain do not receive information directly from each other". (Pg. 100) |
| When might a "split brain" surgery be performed? | This type of surgery might be performed if a patient is suffering from epilepsy that has not responded to modern medication. (Pg. 100) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/ function of the "Amgydala"? | This brain structure serves a role in learning to associate things with emotional responses & in processing emotional information. (Pg. 94) |
| Anatomy: What is the purpose/ function of the "Basal Ganglia"? | This brain structure is "a system of subcortical structures that are important for the planning & production of movement". (Pg. 94) |
| Which of the types of brain imaging techniques that we learned about might be considered "unsafe" due to the use of injectable radioactive substances? | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans might be considered this by some because an injection of a radioactive substance is required. (Pg. 91) |
| What is the difference between an MRI and an fMRI? | MRI's use powerful magnets to create a magnetic field that momentarily disrupts the brain's magnetic forces. fMRI's use the brain's blood flow to map the inner workings of the brain. (Pgs. 91 & 92) |
| Do polygraph machines accurately "detect" physical reactions if a person is telling a lie? | No. "Polygraph" machines are not precise, so "lie detectors" do not accurately measure whether or not someone is lying. (Pg. 91) |
| What is the difference between an "agonist" and an antagonist" medications? | "Agonists"= drugs increase the amount of each neurotransmitter that is made. "Antagonist"=drugs decrease the amount of each neurotransmitter that is made. (Pg. 85) |
| What does the term "action potential" mean/ refer to where biopsychology is concerned? | This term refers to "the electrical signal that passes along the "axon" & subsequently causes the release of chemicals from the "terminal buttons". (Pg. 81) |
| What is the "resting potential" of a neuron? | This is the electrical charge of a neuron when it is not active. (Pg. 79) |
| Complete the following sentence: "The Central Nervous System consists of the ______________________ and ________________________." | Brain; Spinal Cord. (Pg. 77, figure 3.3) |
| List the names of the 2 sub-neural systems that belong to the Peripheral Nervous System. | 1. Somatic Nervous System; 2. Autonomic Nervous System. (Pg. 77, figure 3.3) |
| What does the term "synapse" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the gap between the 'axon' of a "sending" neuron and the 'dendrites' of a "receiving" neuron." Chemical communication occurs here. (Pg. 79) |
| What is the function of an "axon"? | The function of the part of the nervous system is to transmit information to other "neurons". (Pg. 78) |
| What is the difference between "excitatory" and "inhibitory signals" where "action potential" is concerned? | "Excitatory signals" depolarize the cell membrane (by opening ion channels & decreasing the negative charge in the cell), which increases the likelihood that the neuron will fire. "Inhibitory" performs the opposite function. |
| What is the neuron's firing threshold related to excitatory input? | -55 milivolts generates an "action potential" in the neuron. |
| How do "neurotransmitters" affect "action potential"? | "Neurotransmitters" - like "serotonin", for example - affect the polarization of the "cell membrane", which generates either an "excitatory signal" or an "inhibitory signal". |
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