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Psychology Exam 1
HARD AS HELL
| a | b |
|---|---|
| Psychology | study of behavior and mental processing |
| Behavioral Neuroscience | examines how the brain and nervous system determine behavior |
| Experimental Psychology | studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking |
| Cognitive Psychology | includes thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language |
| Developmental Psychology | how people grow and change from moment of conception through death |
| Personality Psychology | focuses on consistency of peoples behavior over time & the traits that differentiate one person from another |
| Health Psychology | relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease |
| Clinical Psychology | study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders |
| Counseling Psychology | focuses on educational, social, and career adjustment problems |
| Social Psychology | how peoples thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others |
| Evolutionary Psychology | how behavior is influences by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors |
| Charles Darwin | evolutionary psychologist who suggested that a process of natural selection leads to the survival of the fittest |
| John Locke | believed children were born with minds like "blank slates" |
| Beginning of Psychology? | 19th century |
| Wilhelm Wundt | - established first experimental laboratory - lab was set up in 1879 - aimed to study the building blocks of the mind |
| Structuralism | focused on uncovering components of perception, consciousness, thinking, emotions, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
| Introspection | presenting people with a stimulus and asking them to describe in their own words (with as much detail as they could) what they were experiencing |
| Functionalism | concentrated on what the mind does , and how behavior functions |
| William James | american psychologist who led functionalists to examine how behavior allows people to satisfy their needs |
| Gestalt Psychology | how perception is organized |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology and did important work on animal behavior |
| Letta Stetter Hollingworth | one of the first psychologists to focus on child development and woman's issues |
| Mary Calkins | studied memory in the early part of the 20th century & became the first female president of the American Psychologist Association |
| Karen Horney | focused on the social and cultural factors behind personality |
| June Etta Downey | first woman to head a psychology dept., and she studied personality traits |
| Anna Freud | made contributions to the treatment of abnormal behavior |
| Mamie Phipps Clark | focused on how children of color grew to recognize racial differences |
| Ivan Pavlov | won Nobel Peace Prize for fundamental principles of learning |
| Neuroscience Perspective | how people and animals function biologically |
| B.F Skinner | advocates the behavioral perspective |
| John B Watson | first to advocate a behavioral approach |
| Abraham Maslow | developed the concept of self- actualization |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian physician who's ideas about unconscious determinants of behavior had a revolutionary effect on the 20th century |
| Behavioral Perspective | observable behavior that can be measured objectively |
| Cognitive Perspective | how people think, understand, and know about the world |
| Humanistic Perspective | individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior |
| A Key Issue In Psychology Is... | how much of peoples behavior is due to genetics (nature) and how much is due to their social/physical environment (nurture) |
| Free Will | choices made freely by a person |
| Determinism | idea that peoples behavior is produced primarily by factors outside their willful control |
| Theories | broad explanations and procedures |
| Hypothesis | prediction of an outcome |
| Operational Definition | translation of a hypothesis |
| Archival Research | existing data are examined EX: records |
| Naturalistic Observation | observing naturally occurring behavior and does not make any changes to the situation |
| Survey Research | sample of people asked a series of questions about their behavior |
| Case Study | intensive investigation of a single individual or small group |
| Variables | behaviors/events/characteristics that can change or vary |
| Correlational Research | two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associated or "correlated" |
| Memory | process by which we encode, store, and retrieve info |
| Sensory Memory | initial, momentary storage of info that lasts only an instant |
| Short- Term Memory | holds info for about 15-25 seconds according to its meaning rather than senses |
| Long- Term Memory | stored in long term memory on a permanent basis, although might be difficult to retrieve |
| Chunking | grouping info that is stored in short term memory |
| Rehearsal | repetition of information |
| Working Memory | temporary memory storage that actively rehearses information |
| Serial Position Effect | able to recall info on a list depending where it apperars |
| Declarative Memory | factual info EX: NAMES, FACES,DATES |
| Procedural Memory | memory for skills/habits EX: RIDING A BIKE |
| Semantic Memory | memory for general knowledge, and rules of logic |
| Episodic Memory | events that occur in a particular time, place, or context |
| Semantic Nertworks | mental representations of clustered info |
| Spreading Activation | one memory triggers the activation of related memories |
| Hippocampus | part of the brains limbic system, helps inital coding of info (certain parts involved w. consolidation of spatial memories) |
| Amygdala | part of the brains limbic system, helps remember memories involving emotions EX: GETTING SCARED |
| Long- Term Potentiation | certain neural paths become easily excited when a new response is being learned |
| Consolidation | memories become fixed in long term memory |
| Tip- Of- The- Tongue- Phenomenon | inability to recall info that one realizes one knows (difficulty retrieving info from long term memory) |
| Recall | when a piece of info needs to be retrieved |
| Recognition | presented w. a stimulus and are asked if you have ever seen it or pick it out of a list |
| Levels- of- Processing- Theory | the amt of info processed initially is central in determining how much info is ultimately remembered |
| Explicit Memory | intentional recollection of memory |
| Priming | exposure to a word makes it easier later to recall related info |
| Implicit Memory | memories that are not aware, but can affect performance/behavior EX: JUMPING |
| Flashbulb Memories | info recalled easily w. vivid imagery |
| Source Amnesia | has memory of info but doesn't recall learning it/ where it was encountered |
| Constructive Processes | memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events |
| Schemas | organized bodies of info stored that bias the new way info is stored , not only on actual material exposed to but also the understanding of the situation, expectations, & motivations |
| Calvin Willis | victim of mistaken identity when a young rape victim picked his photo out as the perpetrator of the rape |
| Victims of Crimes | make significant errors when trying to recall info, one reason is because they look more at the weapons being used than faces. another reason is the tricky wording when being questioned |
| Children's Reliability | children are HIGHLY influenced by others |
| Repressed Memories | events are so shocking they get pushed into the unconsciousness |
| Elizabeth Loftus | memory researcher |
| False Memory | develop when people cannot recall info about an event which they only have vague recollection about |
| Autobiographical Memories | recollections of circumstances and episodes of our lives |
| Why Do We Forget Info? | were not paying attention or failure of coding |
| Decay | loss of memory through non- use |
| Interference | info stored in memory disrupts the recall of other info |
| Cue- Dependent Forgetting | when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle info |
| Proactive Interference | info learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer info |
| Retroactive Interference | material that was learned later disrupts retrieval of info learned earlier |
| Alzheimers Disease | brain disorder that heads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities |
| Amnesia | memory loss without other mental disorders |
| Retrograde Amnesia | loss for occurrences prior to a certain event |
| Anterograde Amnesia | memory is lost for events that follow an injury |
| Korsakoff's Syndrome | disease that affects long- term alcoholics leaving some abilities intact but includes hallucinations and repeating stories |
| Experiment | investigation of relationship between variables by changing on variable and observing the effects |
| Experimental Manipulation | change that the observer makes |
| Latane and Darleys Hypothesis | the higher number of people who witness an emergency situation the less likely it is that any of them will help you |
| Experimental Group | receives the treatment |
| Control Group | does not retrieve the treatment |
| Independent Variable | condition that is manipulated |
| Dependent Variable | the variable that is measured and is expected to change |
| Random Assignment | participants are randomly selected to groups by chance alone |
| Significant Outcome | Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis |
| Informed Consent | participants sign saying they are told the basic outlines, risks, and may terminate at any time |
| Experimental Bias | factors that distort the way the indep. var. affects the dep, var. |
| Placebo | fake drug/pill |
Created by:
alex67505
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