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CH 1 Ward 3rd

The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience

QuestionAnswer
What is Franz Josef Gall known for? Phrenology
What scientist is associated with Aggregate Field Theory? Pierre Flourens
What does the section of the brain identified by Paul Broca do? Broca's Area controls the motor output for speech. Damage to this area is called Broca's Aphasia and results in unintelligible speech. Patients retain the ability to understand language, but physically are unable to produce speech with the mouth.
What does the section of the brain identified by Karl Wernicke do? Wernicke's Area controls the processing of language. Damage to this area results in an inability to process speech. A patient will be physically able to produce words, but the language is incoherent.
What is Cellular Connectionism Theory? The brain is divided locally into small areas that handle processing of specific functions. These areas are able to communicate with one another to process more complex information.
What is Camillo Golgi known for? Golgi developed a stain that allowed neurons to be visible and developed a theory of the communication of neurons via direct contact. His theory of neuronal communication was replaced by the more accurate theories of Ramon y Cajal. Golgi shared the 1906
What is Santiago Ramon y Cajal known for? Cajal developed a theory of neural connections that is currently accepted as correct. He shared the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize with Golgi. See also: synapse.
Describe Dual-Aspect Theory. The theory that the mind and body are two aspects of the same thing.
Describe Reductionism. The theory that every complex brain function can be reduced to simple biology.
Give an example of a Top-Down Approach. Any example that starts from the highest level and moves to the lowest level. For example, starting with the cognitive functions and moving to simpler and simpler processes and ending with neurons.
Give an example of a Bottom-Up Approach. Any example that starts from the lowest level and moves to the highest level. For example, starting with neurons and moving to more and more complex processes until reaching cognitive functions.
Define Cognitive Neuroscience. Cognitive neuroscience is one of the newest scientific fields and uses advanced technology to study higher processes of the brain such as memory, perception, attention, and thinking.
What is the background of Cognitive Neuroscience? What fields influenced it? Psychology, physics, chemistry, computer science, biology, radiology, and other fields contributed to the development of cognitive neuroscience. The origins are accepted as around the time that technology allowed for imaging the brain. The MRI machine w
What is Single Cell Recording? An invasive method used in neuroscience to capture the electrical charge of an individual cell over a period of time.
What is Aggregate Field Theory? All parts of the brain participate in processing and are equally capable of processing information.
Why is Phrenology important for Cognitive Neuroscience? Phrenology contributed to the idea that all human behavior came from the brain and that brain function was localized.
Why do we not use Phrenology today? Phrenology was based primarily on anecdotal evidence, the results were varied and subjective, and new studies have shown that localization of the brain cannot be determined by the shape of the skull.
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