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Bio 2 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pumps | membrane proteins that provide active transport of molecules across the membrane, set up chemical gradients |
| sodium-potassium pump | uses ATP to transports Na+ and K+, ions move against their concentration gradient |
| Steps of pump | Na+ moves into membrane, sodium binds to wall of membrane, membrane changes shape, Na+ moves into the cell, K+ enters membrane from outside, potassium binds to wall of membrane, membrane changes shape, K+ moves into cell |
| lack | all prokaryotes ____ a membrane-bound nucleus |
| prokaryotic cells | one supercoiled circular chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cell |
| cytoskeleton | support inside the cell by a network of long, thin, protein filaments |
| organelles | membrane-bound compartments in cell, common in eukaryotic cells, contains enzymes specialized for a particular function |
| organelle tasks | store calcium ions/other key molecules, hold crystals of the mineral magnetite, organize enzymes, sequester enzymes |
| plasma membrane | consists of a phospholipid bilayer, has proteins that either span the bilayer or attach to one side |
| cell wall | forms a protective "exoskeleton", composed of rough, fibrous layer, surrounds the plasma membrane |
| e are larger, e chromosomes are found in nucleus, e cells contain extensive amounts of internal membrane, e cells feature a diverse and dynamic cytoskeleton | 4 key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| compartmentalized (separation of incompatible chemical reactions, increases efficiency of chemical reactions) | eukaryotic cells are ________ (advantages?) |
| nucleus | large and highly organized, information storage and processing molecule that deals with ribosomal synthesis |
| ribosomes | non-membranous, deals with protein synthesis |
| RER | network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs studded with ribosomes, synthesizes specific proteins that will be inserted in the plasma membrane, secreted to the cell exterior, and shipped to an organelle |
| golgi apparatus | formed by cisternae and has distinct polarity cis=closest to nucleus trans=toward plasma membrane processes, sorts, and ships proteins synthesized in the rough ER |
| SER | network of membrane-bound tubes and sacs lacking ribosomes, contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids |
| lysosomes | single membrane-bound structures, found only in animal cells, used for digestion and waste processing |
| endocytosis | process where the cell membrane pinches off a vesicle to bring outside material into the cell |
| ER signal sequence | binds to a SRP that then binds to a receptor in the ER membrane |
| proteins synthesis steps | packaged into vesicles, move from RER to golgi apparatus and from there to the cell surface |
| endomembrane system | extensive manufacturing and shipping complex composed of the smooth and rough ER |
| signal hypothesis | proteins contain a molecular 'zip-code' that marks them for transport through the nuclear pore complex |
| 17-amino-acid | a ______ long NLS allows proteins to enter the nucleus |
| mitochondria | responsible for ATP production |
| peroxisomes | globular organelles bound by a single membrane, remove e's from the ethanol in alcoholic beverages |
| exocytosis | proteins release contents to the exterior of the cell |
| primary cell well | composed of long strands of cellulose bundled into microfibrils |
| extracellular matrix (ECM) | fiber composite that provides structural support support for animal cells |
| tight junctions | seal cells together, composed of specialized proteins, dynamic and variable |
| desmosomes | connect the cytoskeletons of cells |
| gap junctions | act as channels between cells |
| hormone | an information-carrying molecule secreted from a cell that circulates in the body and acts on target cells far from the signaling cell |
| lipid-soluble | usually diffuse across plasma membrane and go into their target cells' cytoplasm |
| lipid-insoluble | large/hydrophilic, do not cross plasma membrane, instead bind to a receptor on the cell's plasma membrane |
| signal receptors | bound by hormones and other cell-cell signals, change shape after binding to a signaling molecule |
| signal transduction | converts the extracellular hormone signal to an intracellular signal, occurs at plasma membrane |
| signal amplification | occurs inside cell |
| quorom sensing | unicellular organisms live together and communicate with one another, bacteria release species-specific signaling molecules when their numbers reach a specific threshold |
| biofilm | group of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often these cells adhere to a surface |
| endoplasmic reticulum | ER of RER means? |
| reduction | NAD+ --> NADH |
| oxidation | NADH --> NAD+ |
| how many molecules produced of NADH, FADH2, and ATP in citric acid cycle | 6, 2, 2 |
| phosphorylation | energy released from ATP hydrolysis is used to transfer the cleaved phosphate group to target molecule |
| ATP function | drives endothermic reactions due to extremely high PE, energy is released when it's hydrolyzed |
| coupled | oxidation and reduction events are always ____ |
| four steps of cellular respiration | glycolysis, pyruvate processing, krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
| glycolysis | glucose is broken down to pyruvate, a series of 10 enzyme driven chemical reactions |
| pyruvate processing | _____ is oxidized to form Acetyl CoA |
| Krebs Cycle | Acetyl CoA is oxidized to form CO2 |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) | by products from steps 1-3 are oxidized |
| feedback inhibition | occurs when an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway |
| enzyme phosopfructokinase | catalyzes one of the early reactions of glycolsis, has 2 binding sites-active and regulatory, decreases rate of reaction |
| pyruvate dehydrogenase | catalyzing enzyme in second step of pyruvate processing |
| energy investment phase | 2 molecules of ATP are consumed and glucose is phosphorylated twice |
| energy payoff phase | sugar is split to form two pyruvate molecules, 2 molecules NAD+ are reduced to NADH and 4 molecules of ATP are formed |
| oxidized | each acetyl CoA is _____ to two molecules of CO2 |
| feedback inhibition in citric acid cycle | between oxaloactate/citrate, cis-Aconitatae/D-Isocitrate/alpha-ketoglutarate |
| oxidative phosphorylation | links phosphorylation of ADP with NADH and FADH2 oxidation |
| if protein complex is compromised.. | you can die, no outlet for electrons-ETC stops |
| proton-motive force | from the electrochemical gradient, used to make ATP in chemiostosis |
| job of ETC | pump protons across the inner membrane of mitochondria from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
| why is oxygen the most effective electron acceptor | it is highly electronegative and there is a large difference between the potential energy of NADH and O2 electrons |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate accepts electrons on the ETC instead of oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | pyruvate enzymatically converts acetalaldehyde which accepts electrons, produces ethanol |
| 2 | fermentation produces ___ ATP molecules |
| endothermic, reduces CO2 to sugar | photosynthesis is ____ and does what? |
| exothermic, oxidixes sugar to CO2 | cellular respiration is ____ and does what? |
| chemiosmosis | results when the flow of protons through ATP synthase causes a change in its shape driving the phosphorylation of ADP |
Created by:
cohoonm
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