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AP Psych Ch.15 Vocab
Personality - AP Psychology, Chapter 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting |
| Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts |
| Free association | A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing |
| Unconscious | According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, or memories; according to modern psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
| Id | According to Freud, a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires - operates on the pleasure principle |
| Ego | According to Freud, the largely-conscious "executive" part of the personality that mediates between the id, the superego, and reality - operates on the reality principle and tries to satisfy the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure |
| Superego | According to Freud, the part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and focuses on how one SHOULD behave |
| Fixation | According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies from an earlier psychosexual stage at which conflicts were unresolved |
| Defense mechanism | In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| Collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memories tracing from our species's history |
| Neo-Freudians | mostly young, ambitious physicians who accept Freud's basic ideas |
| Projective tests | Personality tests (like the TAT or Rorschach) that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projections of one's inner dynamics |
| TAT test | Thematic Apperception Test, a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach inkblot test | The most widely-used projective test, includes a set of 10 inkblots and seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretation of the blots |
| Humanistic perspective | Focuses on the way "healthy" people strive for self-determination and self-realization |
| Self-actualization | According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical needs are met and self-esteem is achieved - the motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| Carl Rogers | Humanistic psychologist who believed that people are basically good and endowed with self-actualization tendencies, and that a growth-promoting climate requires genuineness, acceptance, and empathy |
| Trait perspective | Attempts to define personality in terms of stable and enduring behavior patterns |
| Personality inventory | A questionnaire (often with true-or-false/agree-or-disagree items) on which people respond to questions designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors, used to assess selected personality traits |
| MMPI test | The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests |
| Big Five Factor Theory | The idea that describing where you fall in five dimensions (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion) says much of what can be said about your personality |
| Social-cognitive perspective | Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people/their thinking and their social context |
| Reciprocal determinism | Our personalities shape our environments, and our environments shape our personalities |
| External locus of control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determines one's fate |
| Internal locus of control | The perception that one controls one's own fate |
| Learned helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation that an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| Spotlight effect | Overestimating how much others notice and evaluate our appearance, performance, and blunders |
| Self-serving bias | A readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
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