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Personality
psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. |
| free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. |
| psychoanalysis | Freud’s theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist’s interpretations o |
| unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware |
| id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification |
| ego | the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. |
| superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations |
| psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones |
| oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father |
| Electra complex | girls like dad and wanna kill mom |
| identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos |
| fixation | (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved |
| defense mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness |
| reaction formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings |
| projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| rationalization | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions |
| displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet |
| sublimination | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities |
| denial | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities |
| what's the purpose of defense mechanisms? | reduce anxiety |
| what is alfred alder known for | inferiority complex |
| karen horney | penis envy ??? women are seen as weak and dependent bc men work to lower womens self respect |
| collective unconscious | Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history. archetype guy! |
| projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |
| terror-management theory | a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death |
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