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Psych 101 Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agonists | triggers activity |
| Antagonists | stops or inhibits activity |
| Cognitive | behavior with thoughts, opinions, dreams, reasoning, worry, all conscious and unconscious mental activity |
| APA | American Psychological Association |
| Wiliam James | known for writing the first textbook on Psychology: Principles of Psychology promoted "functionalism" studies the psychology of religion & mysticism |
| Ivan Pavlov | developed the concept of the conditioned reflex developed the first theory of learning: called learning by association (aka classical conditioning) |
| Sigmund Freud | unconscious mind dream interpretation importance of early childhood theory of personality defense mechanisms such as repression, displacement |
| Neuroscience Perspective | genetic influences, body chemistry, structures in the brain, diseases or disorders in the brain, depression is cause by a chemical imbalance in the brain, hereditary factors or damaged brain structures |
| Psychodynamic aka Psychoanalytic Perspective | Emphasizes classical Freudian ideas, early childhood experiences, unconscious mind, unresolved, hidden conflicts, effects of mother/child/father interactions, struggle between the id, ego, and superego |
| Behavioral aka Learning Perspective | conditioning, imitation, and reward value of behavior. learning the behavior from watching role models one does a behavior because he/she has learned it brings about a reinforcement, reward |
| Cognitive Perspective | thinking, beliefs, and personal appraisal as cause of behavior Optimistic/pessimistic outlook on life how one "frames the question" |
| Sociocultural Perspective | ethnicity; financial status: poor or wealthy; social class: poor, middle, upper; Cultural norms: values and perception; One's gender and how that is viewed in society |
| Humanistic aka Third Force Psychology Perspective | personal freedom, self-determination, higher philosophical/religious needs humans have a need to be "all one can be", to fulfill one's potential, goals and dreams meaning and purpose are critical |
| Evolutionary Perspective | how traits & behaviors are designed to boost survival levels personal and social behaviors, ex. waging war, mate selection, getting a college degree all can be explained by enhancing our ability to survive |
| What's the best approach? | Biopsychosocial approach |
| Wilhelm Wundt | structuralism |
| B.F. Skinner | developed operant conditioning which is a kind of conditioning based on reinforcement (rewards and punishment) promoted radical behaviorism (everything we do, think, and say is the result of conditioning |
| Gestalt Psychology | the view that the mind is best understood in its attempt to not see the little pieces but the "whole" We prefer to see the forest and not just the trees We tend to see the "Big Picture" We cannot NOT see patterns |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs | physiological safety love/belonging esteem self-actualization |
| Clinical Psychology | deals with serious mental and behavioral issues, provides therapy in private practice, hospitals, or mental health clinic |
| Counseling Psychology | deals with life adjustment problems |
| Developmental Psychology | examines how people grow and change throughout the lifespan from prenatal to old age and death |
| Forensic Psychology | working with detectives, profiling, court system, determining the reliability of witnesses |
| Experimental Psychology | primarily does research in labs, usually with animal models, may research any topic |
| Social Psychology | studies how behavior is affected by the presence of others, mob violence, conformity, obedience to authority, stereotyping |
| How is psychology done? | using the scientific method |
| Descriptive Research | merely describes behavior such as a survey, case study, naturalistic observation or correlational studies |
| Experimental Research | seeks to prove causation...Prozac will improve your mood, get rid of your depression. Ritalin will help you focus |
| Correlational Research | it's a study of a quantitative method of research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same group of subjects and you're trying to determine if there is a relationship between the 2 variables |
| Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording behavior in its natural setting |
| Phineas Gage | case of brain damage that suggested the function of different parts of the brain |
| Case Study | in depth study of one particular person, or one group, family, class, or membership |
| Problem | a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with and overcome |
| Positive Correlation | a steady relationship between two variables in the same direction meaning that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other increases as well (as the value of one variable decreases, so does the other) |
| Negative Correlation | an inverse relationship between two variable, meaning that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases |
| Correlation does not | prove causation |
| Correlation | when one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say the two correlate |
| Correlation Coefficient | a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables |
| Mode | most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
| Mean | arithmetic average, of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores; can be distorted by few atypical scores |
| Median | middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it an half are below it |
| Range | difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
| Standard Deviation | computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |
| Normal Curve (Normal Distribution) | symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes |
| Causation | trying to show cause and effect |
| Random Sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups |
| Double-Blind Procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participation and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |
| Placebo Effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inter substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
| Independent Variable | in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
| Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggest the strength of the correlation |
| Dependent Variable | in an experiment, the outcome that is measures; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated |
| Confounding Variable | in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect |
| Operational Definition | a carefully worded statement to the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study |
| Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar respinseses |
| I.A.C.U.C. | Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
Created by:
Bubblefan123
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