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MOD 7: lecture 5
ankle and foot dysfunction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the ankle and foot? | 26 |
| What are the 4 functional regions in the ankle and foot? | ankle, midfoot, rearfoot, forefoot |
| What happens if there is a change or pathology in one jt in the ankle and foot complex? | it influences the entire lower kinematic chain |
| Name the 2 joints that are a part of the ankle. | distal tibfib and talocrural |
| At which joint are movements small but provide accessory motion to allow greater freedom of movement at the ankle. | distal tibfib |
| What are the 3 functional areas of the foot? | rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot |
| Which areas do the functional arches of the foot span? | all 3, rearfoot, midfoot and forefoot |
| Which bones serves as the keystone for the lateral longitudinal arch (LLA)? | cuboid |
| Which bone serves as the keystone for the medial longitudinal arch (MLA)? | talus |
| Which arch is a dynamic stabilizer (from contraction of the instrinsic muscles)? | transverse arch |
| How does the transverse arch maintain stability? | via the action of the peroneus longus and posterior tibialis |
| What does a loss of the anterior metatarsal arch result in? | callus formation under the heads of the metatarsal heads |
| A loss of what arc causes callus formation under the heads of the metatarsal heads? | anterior metatarsal arch |
| Name 5 functions of the foot. | 1. Acts as a BOS that provides the stability for standing 2. Provides mechanism for rotation of the tibfib during the stance phase 3. Provides flexibility to adapt to uneven terrain 4. absorbs shock 5. Acts as a lever during push-off |
| Name the 5 joints of the foot. | rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, metatarsals, toes |
| What are the articulating structures in the talocrural joint? | tibia, fibula and talus. |
| What is the mortis? | the superior aspect of the TCJ |
| What is the mortis formed between? | medial malleolus, distal tibial plafond, and the lateral malleolus |
| Which surface of the talus fits within the mortise? | convex surface of the talus |
| Describe the axis of motion at the ankle joint | runs from the anteriomedial superior aspect to the posteriolateral inferior aspect |
| What type of motion does the oblique orientation of the axis at the ankle allow for? | triplanar |
| What ligaments are involved in the tibfib joint? | anterior tibiofibular, posterior tibiofibular, and inferior transverse ligaments |
| How much motion is available at the tibfib joint? | Minimal motion |
| What are the movements that occur at the rearfoot? | PF, DF, mild amount of Abduction with DF, Mild amount of Adduction with PF |
| What structures provide medial stability at the ankle joint? | Deltoid ligament |
| What structures provide lateral stability at the ankle joint? | calcaneofibular,anterior-talofibular and posterior talofibular ligaments |
| What is the most common injury at the ankle | sprain strain of the lateral ligamentous structures |
| What structures are articulating in the STJ? | talus (superiorly) and calcaneus (inferiorly) |
| What type of axis does the STJ have? | Oblique axis that allows triplanar motion |
| What ligaments play a role in stabilizing the STJ? | Interosseous talocalcaneal and cervical ligament |
| What ligament of the STJ becomes taut during eversion? | interosseous talocalcaneal ligament |
| What ligament of the STJ becomes taut during inversion? | cervical ligament |
| What motions accompany pronation at the STJ? (open chain) | eversion, DF, and ABD of calcaneus. |
| What motions accompany supination at the STJ? (open chain) | inversion, PF, and ADD of calcaneus |
| What motions accompany pronation at the STJ? (closed chain) | calcaneal eversion with PF and ADD of the talus on the calcaneus |
| What motions accompany supination at the STJ? (closed chain) | calcaneal inversion with DF and ABD of the talus on the calcaneus |
| At what ankle position during gait is the STJ a mobile adapter, allowing the foot to conform to irregular surfaces? | pronation |
| At what ankle position during gait is the subtalar joint a rigid lever that allows the propulsion required to move the body forward? | supination |
| true or false...The subtalar joint does not allow tibial rotation during gait. | False, it does allow tibial rotation |
| Name 5 joints in the midfoot. | calcaneocuboid, talonavicular, naviculocuboid, naviculocuneiform, and intercuneiform joints |
| Name 4 ligaments in the midfoot. | deltoid, dorsal talonavicular, calcaneonavicular, and calcaneocuobid ligaments |
| What type of movements occur in the midfoot? | gliding and rotation |
| What allows triplanar motion at the mid tarsal joints so the forefoot can twist on the rearfoot? | 2 axes of motion; longitudinal and oblique |
| In the midfoot, inversion and eversion occur around what type of axis? | longitudinal axes |
| In the midfoot, PF/ADD and DF/ABD occur around what type of axis? | oblique axis |
| How are the motions of INV, EV at the midfoot observed during gait? | observed as the rise and fall of the medial arch during gait |
| What are the 4 types of joint structures in the distal to mid foot? | tarsometarsal (TMT), intermetatarsal (IMT), metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and the interphalangeal (IP) joints. |
| What is the function of the MT heads in the forefoot? | tolerate WB forces |
| What structures tolerate WB forces in the forefoot? | MT heads |
| What is the function of the toes? | help stabilize the forefoot dynamically. Abnormal alignment of the forefoot can affect the WB position of the subtalar joint. |
| What 2 foot deformities can cause compensation in WB? | Forefoot varus – causes compensatory STJ pronation, and Forefoot valgus - causes compensatory STJ supination |
| What are the MT joints held together by? | the plantar fascial aponeurosis |
| What do the MT joints do? | Act as beams to support the longitudinal arches of the feet. |
| Compare the 1st and 2nd MT size wise. haha | The 1st metatarsal is twice as wide and four times as strong as the 2nd |
| How many ms attachments does the 1st MT have? Name them. | three mm attachments (peroneus longus, posterior tibialis, and anterior tibialis) |
| What is the function of the ms attachments of the 1st MT in relation to the foot? | they dynamically stabilize the foot during propulsion |
| Name something in the toes that helps to stabilize the longitudinal arch and decreases the pressure on bones. | tension in the toe flexor tendons and sheaths |
| PRINT OUT EVERYONES ASSIGNMENT AND MAKE A PACKET UP FOR THE DISORDERS? | MMKAY |
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PTROCKS
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