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Psych 495 Ch 3 Defs

Definitions from Chapter 03

TermDefinition
shifting standards model the proposal that judgments often are influenced by relative comparisons, which can vary from one situation to another
outgroup homogeneity effect the phenomenon in which people see members of ingroups as individuals while underestimating differences among members of outgroups
social learning theory People learn behavior either directly or through observation, and retain the beliefs and behaviors that bring rewards and abandon those that lead to punishment.
correspondence bias the phenomenon of attributing behaviors to inherent characteristics, underestimating how situational factors influence behavior
subtyping model The theory that people keep their stereotypes intact by creating special categories for exceptions to those stereotypes, a process referred to as "refencing"
minimal group paradigm shows that ingroup/outgroup division can be created from small and unimportant differences
schemas cognitive structures that contain a person's knowledge and beliefs about a particular object or social group
incremental theorists people who hold the belief that personality is malleable and behavior is influenced by situations
subtypes categories that are created by combining one category membership with another, or with role/trait information, so that the new categories include the combined elements simultaneously
refencing creating subtypes for exceptions to stereotypes to preserve those stereotypes
bookkeeping model Changes in stereotypes occur slowly as people add and subtract information from their schema
categorization the process of simplifying the environment by creating labels on the basis of characteristics that a particular set of people appear to have in common
self-fulfilling prophecies when treatment of others leads them to respond in a way that meets stereotypic expectations and to behave in a stereotype consistent manner.
linguistic intergroup bias the phenomenon in which abstract terms are used to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup acts, while concrete terms are used for negative ingroup and positive outgroup acts.
entity theorists people who hold the belief that personality is fixed and character and morals don't matter
assimilation a phenomenon in which people remember a behavior that was presented neutrally in stereotype-consistent terms instead.
conversion model Changes in stereotypes occur suddenly when people are presented with undeniably contradictory information and "see the light"
dispersed disconfirmation when information that disproves a stereotype comes from multiple sources
illusory correlation beliefs that incorrectly link two characteristics, frequently occurring when both characteristics stand out as unusual
ultimate attribution error the phenomenon in which the badness of ingroup members and the goodness of outgroup members are seen as situational, while the goodness of ingroup members and the badness of outgroup members are seen as being due to internal characteristics
basic social category a category for which a wealth of information is available in memory, and which is "privileged," being easily observable and having important cultural meaning
source confusion reattribution the origin of a thing, behavior or idea that defies existing stereotypes as coming from an origin more consistent with those stereotypes
social role theory the theory that people associate the characteristics of roles with the individuals who occupy them
concentrated disconfirmation when all the information disproving a stereotype comes from one source
stowaway (or sneaky) discrimination discrimination that "looks fair" on first glance but, upon examination, is found to lead to inequality
Created by: Z1759032
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