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Psychology
Exam 2: Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Descartes | mind, body, dualism |
| neuron | basic component of all thoughts; a cell in the nervous system and the fundamental unit of the nervous system |
| sensory neurons | transmit information from the sensory cells to the receptors (cells that receive sensor information) then to the brain (either directly or via the spinal cord) |
| motor neurons | transmit information from the brain to the organs and muscus via the spinal cord) |
| interneurons | interconnect sensory and motor neurons |
| dendrites | extend out from the cell body and collect input from other neurons |
| cell body | processes input from dendrites |
| axon | sends information forward through the axon to the next |
| synapse | the bridge between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of the next neuron |
| myelin sheath | a coating of lipids (fat), derived from glial cells, that surrounds most axons and insulates the axon from chemical and physical stimuli that interfere with the transmission of nerve impulses |
| resting potential | a neuron is polarized when no communication is occuring, but remains in a state of readiness |
| action potential | the shift in polarity across the membrane and subsequent restoration of resting potential |
| hyperpolarization | outflow of + charged potassium ions or influx of negatively charged chlorine ions |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that are stored within vesicles of the presynaptic cell |
| central nervous system | consists of the brain and the spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | connects the central nervous system to the rest the body; subdivided into two systems, the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
| sensory-somatic nervous system | consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
| somatic nervous system | primary function is to regulate the actions of the skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nervous system | regulates primarily involuntary activity such as heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion |
| sympathetic nervous system | has an active "pushing" function; located to the sympathetic chain, which connects to skin, blood vessels an organs in the body cavity. Involved in the fight or flight response |
| allostatic overload | when the body fails to return to a homeostatic state or a condition of allostasis |
| allostasis | environmental challenges that cause an organism to begin efforts to maintain stability and calm |
| parasympathetic nervous system | the slow acting system; has a relaxing function |
| acetycholine | the neurotransmitter at all the pre- and many of the post ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system |
| cerebrum | voluntary movements, sensations, learning, thinking, emotion, consciousness |
| hypothalamus | control of hunger, thirst, temperature, and other visceral and bodily functions |
| pituitary gland | located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus, is considered the most important part of the endocrine system |
| corpus callosum | band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex |
| thalamus | relay station to cortex for sensory information |
| forebrain | supported by the brain stem and buds out above it, drooping somewhat to fit the inside the skull |
| midbrain | lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain and is crucial for hearing and sight |
| frontal lobe | sense of smell, motor control, and higher mental abilities such as reasoning and planning |
| parietal lobe | sensation such as touch, temperature, and pressure |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| cerebellum | posture, coordination, muscle tone, and memory of skills and habits |
| temporal lobe | hearing and language |
| white matter | consists mostly of axons with myelin sheaths |
| gray matter | contains more cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin |
| sagittal plane | bisects the brain into right and left halves |
| medulla oblongata | controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, digestion |
| amygdala | attaches emotional significance to information and mediates both defensive and aggressive behavior |
| reticular activating system (reticular formation) | involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and control of reflexes |
| pons | regulates states of arousal , including sleep and dreaming |
| genotype | genetic structure (DNA located on chromosome) |
| phenotype | observable psychological (or behavioral) functions |
| degrees of relatedness | the more genes we share the more similar we are, whether that be physical or the way they act |
| sensation | the process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain |
| perceptual adaptation | the way the brain adapts to changed environments and changes of stimuli within environments |
| perceptual set | the readiness to perceive in a particular manner |
| frame of reference | based on ones perception within the context of the situation |
| perception | the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information |
| absolute threshold | the point at which a stimulus goes from undetectable to detectable to our senses |
| difference threshold | the amount of change needed for us to recognize that a change has occured |
| just noticeable difference | the minimum amount by which stimulus intensity must be changed in order to produce a noticeable variation in sensory experience |
| Weber's law | expresses a general relationship between a quantity or intensity of something and how much more needs to be added for us to be able to tell that something has been added |
| Fechner's law | a theoretical interpretation of Weber's findings |
| Steven's power law | general form of the law (I)=KI^a |
| Signal Detection Theory | provides a precise language and graphic notation for analyzing decision making |
| Gate Control Theory | explains pain perception and acupuncture |
| Learning theory | an attempt to describe how people and animals learn; thereby helping us understand the inherently complex processes of learning |
| Law of effect | states that when the stimulus and response are associated, the response is likely to occur without the stimulus being present |
| reflection | reversal of direction which occurs at a surface |
| refraction | deflection that occurs at the boundaries of different materials |
| diffractions | deflection that occurs at apertures, at edges and in thin layers |
| electromagnetic | energy travels in waves or oscillations |
| cones | found in the center of the retina (fovea) and are sensitive to fine detail and color |
| rod | found in periphery of retina and are sensitive to movement but not fine detail |
| receptive field | that aspect of the external world that produces a change in firing rate of a given sensory cell |
| hue | the apparent color of an object |
| brightness | the intensity of a color |
| saturation | the purity of the color |
Created by:
danat214
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