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Patient Evaluation
Imaging Studies Chest XRay/Radiogram/Roentgenogram
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| many pulmonary problems will be detected on a x-ray before their presence is detected by any other clinical examinations as; pneumothorax, foreign bodies, displaced tubes, etc. | |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Normal X-Ray/Hemidiaphragms | - both hemidiaphragms are rounded = dome shaped. - the right hemidiaphragm = slightly higher than left. - the right hemidiaphragm = at level 6th rib (anterior) |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Normal X-Ray/Trachea/Clavicle | - trachea is midline, bilateral radiolucency, with sharp costophrenic angels. - clavicle should be level. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Major Airway Patency | the right lung should comprise 55% of the total lung volume and should appear larger than the left lung. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Loss of Airway Patency | the loss of airway is obvious EMERGENCY = - foreign body obstruction - edema= croup (epiglottis) - tracheal spasm - internal & external spasm - trauma leading to air leak |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Assessment of Major Airways | done by evaluating the mediastinum X- Rays do not typically show the airway beyond mainstem bronchi. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Anatomical Landmarks/Trachea | - seen as a dark area midline. - tracheal shift = pathological problem - same size of vertebral column - major bronchi should NOT be narrow = bronchogenic carcinoma. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Mediastinum | - the area between the lungs where the heart, lungs ,lymphatics, blood vessels, major bronchi. - shifts with = pleural effusion and pneumothorax |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/A-P Diameter | increased with COPD, barrel chest, hyperinflation |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Costophrenic Angles | - angle made by the outer curve of the diaphragm and chest wall. - these angles are obliterated by pleural effusions. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Diaphragm | dome-shape = normal flattened = COPD hemidiaphragms shift down = pneumothorax on one side. |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Vascular Markings | blood vessels, lymphatics, lung tissue= increased fluid |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Heart Shadow | left ventricle = seen normally cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) CHF |
| Imaging Studies Chest X-Ray/ Soft Tissue | tissue surrounding the chest and above in the neck subcutaneous emphysema = hyperlucency surrounding soft tissue. |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ A-P | AP projection to anterior, posterior = film behind the back |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ P-A | PA projection posterior, anterior = film in front touching chest |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ Lateral Position | - projection from either side right or left - adds a third dimension to structures viewed AP- PA films |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/Oblique Position | - slanting or diagonal view - detects pleural effusion |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ Apical Lordotic | projection lung apices |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ End Expiratory Film | - taken at end- exhalation - detects small pneumothorax |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ Endotracheal Tube | - the tip of endotracheal tube position = below vocal cords - 2cm or 1 in above the carina. - same level aortic knob or aortic arch - clavicle too high |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ Observe | - observation and auscultation will quickly determine adequate ventilation before an x-ray. |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/Tracheostomy | - do not pose the problem of intubation of one lung. but problems position in trachea. |
| Imaging Studies Positions/ Projections/ET, Tracheostomy Hyperinflation | - the cuff should not extend over the end of the endotracheal or tracheostomy tube. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/Pacemaker | - should be normally position in the right ventricle. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Pulmonary Artery Catheters | - should appear in the right lower lung field. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/Central Venous Catheters | - right or left subclavian or jugular vein - rest in the vena cava or right atrium of the heart. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Chest Tubes | - should be located in the pleural space surrounding the lung. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/Nasogastric Tube | - NG and feeding tubes should be positioned in the stomach 2-5 cm below the diaphragm. |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Airway Narrowing/Neck X-Ray | - a lateral x-ray is a valuable diagnostic tool for identifying obstruction in children (croup and epiglottis) |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Airway Narrowing/Neck X-Ray/Croup | - croup = laryngotracheobronchitis - viral disorder common in infants (subglottic) * x-ray findings - steeple sign - picket fence - pencil point |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Airway Narrowing/Neck X-Ray/Epiglottis | - a potential life- threatening inflammation (supraglottic) - bacterial infection - swollen aryepiglottic folds * lateral x-ray finding - thumb sign |
| Imaging Studies Projections/ Airway Narrowing/Neck X-Ray/Narrowed | - airway can be narrowed by: - edema -secretions -tumors -aspirated foreign bodies - would be identified on chest x-ray or lateral x-ray |
| Imaging Studies Extrapulmonary Air | defined = air found outside of lungs examples: - pneumothorax - pneumoperitoneum - pneumomediastnium - subcutaneous emphysema |
| Imaging Studies Radiolucent | described = dark pattern diagnosis = normal for lungs |
| Imaging Studies Radiodense/Opacity | described = white pattern , solid, fluid diagnosis = normal, for bones and organs |
| Imaging Studies Infiltrate | described = any ill-define radiodensity diagnosis = atelectasis |
| Imaging Studies Consolidation | described = solid white area diagnosis = pneumonia/ pleural effusion |
| Imaging Studies Hyperlucency | described = extra pulmonary air diagnosis = COPD, asthma attack, pneumothorax (one side) |
| Imaging Studies Vascular Markings | described = lymphatics, vessels, lung tissue diagnosis = increased = CHF = absent = pneumothorax |
| Imaging Studies Diffuse | described = spread throughout diagnosis = atelectasis/pneumonia |
| Imaging Studies Opaque | described = fluid, solid diagnosis = consolidation |
| Imaging Studies Bilateral | described = on both sides |
| Imaging Studies Unilateral | described = on one side |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Fluffy Infiltrates | description = diffuse whiteness diagnosis = pulmonary edema |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Butterfly/Batwing | description =infiltrate in shape of butterfly diagnosis = pulmonary edema |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Patchy Infiltrates | description = scattered densities diagnosis = atelectasis |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Platelike Infiltrates | description = thin- layered diagnosis =atelectasis |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Ground Glass | description = reticulogranular diagnosis =ARDS/IRDS |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Honeycomb | description = reticulogranular diagnosis =ARDS/IRDS |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Diffuse Bilateral | diagnosis =ARDS/IRDS |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Air Bronchogram | diagnosis = pneumonia |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Peripheral wedge-shape | diagnosis = pulmonary embolus |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Concave superior interface/border | diagnosis =pleural effusion |
| Imaging Studies Descriptions and Interpretations/Basilar Infiltrate with Meniscus | diagnosis =pleural effusion |
Created by:
sukar
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