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Pharmocology
Intro to Pharmacology for PTs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Knowlegde of your pt's meds can be used to? | identify current/past problems, determine if current tx is effective, determine if meds are contributing to problems addressed by a PT |
| The study of harmful effects of drugs is termed? | toxicology |
| The therepuetic effects of drugs is termed? | pharmaco-therapeutics |
| The bodies effects on a drug is called? | pharmacokinetics |
| The drugs effects on the body is called? | pharmacodynamics |
| When naming drugs the chemical name describes? | the molecular structure of the drug |
| This is a nonproprietary name, assigned by USAN council and approved by WHO | Generic name |
| This is a proprietary name, assigned by the manufacturer | Brand name |
| What is the generic name for Valium? | Diazepam |
| The FDA determines what 2 things during the development of the drug? | 1. whether the drug is effective for specific condition 2. safety of the drug |
| What are the 5 steps in the development of drugs? | preclinical testing, phase 1 trials, phase II trials, phase III trials and phase IV trials |
| This trial step involves testing with animals and completing the Investigational New Drug application | preclinical testing |
| This trial step is done with small number of participants often healthy | phase 1 |
| This trial step is done with a small well-defined pt population with a specific problem | phase 2 |
| This trial step is done with a large number of participant and the completion of a New Drug Application. | phase 3 |
| This phase drug development is mostly postmarketing surveillance. | phase 4 |
| A drug is defined as? | any chemical substance that affects living processes |
| Typically OTC drugs are used for ___ conditions that do not require _______. | minor conditions, medical supervision |
| True/False. OTC can cause serious side effects and can interact with rx drugs. | true |
| True/False. Vitamin supplements and herbal meds are considered drugs. | false, classified as food |
| Ergogenic aids are? | substances, food, chems or training methods that increase physical performance |
| These aids are used to increase mm mass and STR. | anabolic steroids |
| These aids are used by body builders to decrease fat and increase muscle | Human growth hormone |
| This chemical can increase mental allernes and decrease fatigue, cause irritability if overused, diarrhea, insomnia, anxiety | caffeine |
| Drug history questions to ask | what meds is pt taking, why is pt taking the med, is pt adherent to each rx |
| When drugs are prescribed excessively and unnecessary pts can recieve large numbers of drugs that are unnecessary or even harmful. This is called? | polypharmacy |
| Why is polypharmacy a problem with older adults? | older adults are 2-3 times more likely to experience adverse drug reactions as younger adults |
| Older adults account for approx ___ of the pop. yet consume over ___ of all drugs. | 12%, 25% |
| This dose is at which a response begins to occur? | threshold dose |
| This is at which no further increase in response occurs with increase doses. | Maximal effect (ceiling effect) |
| This describes the amount of drug that is needed to produce desired effect. | potency |
| The ____ ____ is a relationship between the median toxic dose and median effective dose. | The therapeutic index |
| ED 50 is what? | the median effective dose at which 50% of population responds |
| TD 50 is what? | median toxic dose at which 50% of pop. experiences adverse effect |
| TI= ? | TI = TD 50/ ED 50 |
| What is a safe TI and a less safe TI of a drug. | higher the TI the safer, the lower the TI the less safe the drug |
| Bioavailability is what? | the % of a drug that reaches cirulation after the first pass effect |
| Enteral means the drug is absorbed through the what? | GI tract |
| Parenteral means the drug is absorbed how? | with a needle, syringe or IV infusion, can be intravenous, intramuscular, or intrathecal |
| What are four factors that effect drug distribution? | tiss permeability, blood flow, amnt of binding to plasma proteins, amnt binding to subcellular components |
| Volume of distribution (Vd)= | amount of drug administered divided by [DRUG plasma], compared to amount of water in body |
| Total body water is estimated as ___ liters. | 42 |
| If Vd =42 then the drug is _____ distributed throughout the body. | uniformly |
| if Vd<42 then more drug is in the ____. | blood |
| if Vd>42 then more drug is in the ____. | tissues |
| What organ is primary organ for drug metabolism? | Liver |
| What is the major enzyme system that oxidizes at least 350 drugs? | P450 monooxygenase system |
| Enzyme induction means? | ability of body to metabolize drugs more rapidly, one explanation of drug tolerance |
| What is the major organ of exretion? | kidney |
| Why must we know the rate of elimination? | to determine the dose to be given |
| What is Half life? | time required for 50% of drug to be removed from body |
| What is a synergistic effect? | when two drugs produce a greater effect that expected effects of two drugs when given individually |
| What is one of the greatest factors affecting drug response and metabolism? | Age (oler, infants and children more sensitive to most drugs) |
| Affinity means? | degree of interaction between drug and receptor |
| Selectivity means? | ability of drug to interact with specific receptors on target tiss and not with other receptors |
| Agonist drugs do what? | drug that binds to receptor and initiates change in function of cell. |
| Antagonist drugs do what? | drug that binds to receptor but does not cause any change in function of cell, can be a blocker |
| Competitive antagonists do what? | compete with agonists for a receptor |
| NOncompetitive antagonists do what? | drug with high affinity for receptor and forms irreversible bond with receptor; agonist does not affect response |
| This is when there is a decrease in responsiveness, prob caused by chem change in receptors. | receptor desensitization |
| This is an increase in sensitivity, number of receptors, or both that occurs with decrease in stimulation. | Supersensitivity |
| This is decrease in number of available receptors as result of excessive stimulation. | down regulation |
| This is an increase in # of receptors as result of lack of stimulation or continuous exposure to antagonists | Up regulation |
Created by:
txst spr 2009
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