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AP Psych Ch.10 Vocab

Thinking and Language - AP Psychology, Chapter 10

TermDefinition
Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people (ex: there are many types of chairs, but we group them all as chairs)
Prototype A mental image of the best example of a category. The more closely something matches a prototype, the more we think of it as an example of that concept. (We'll more readily say a robin is a bird than a goose is a bird.)
Algorithm A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
Heuristics Simple problem-solving strategies that are speedier but more error-prone than algorithms and are more commonly used by humans
Confirmation bias The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's preconceptions
Mental set The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, usually one that has been successful in the past
Functional fixedness The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
Representative heuristic Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes (ex: we think a short, slim poetry reader is more likely to be a classics professor than a truck driver)
Availability heuristic Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory - if we readily remember an event, we think it's more common
Overconfidence The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our own beliefs/judgments
Framing The way an issue is posed, can have a significant effect on decisions and judgments
Belief bias The tendency of pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning - we more easily see the illogic of statements that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs
Belief perseverance Clinging to initial conceptions in the face of contrary evidence
Language Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
Phonemes The smallest distinctive units of sound
Morphemes The smallest units that carry meaning (could be words or parts of words, like prefixes)
Grammar A system of rules that allows us to communicate with and understand others
Semantics A set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences (ex: in English, adding -ed to a verb makes it past tense)
Syntax The rules for combining words into sentences (ex: in English, adjectives come before nouns)
Linguistic determinism The hypothesis that language determines the way we think (ex: English has more words for self-focused emotions like anger, while Japanese has more words for interpersonal emotions like empathy, which can shape personality and values)
Created by: emilyjane1221
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