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AP Psych Ch.10 Vocab
Thinking and Language - AP Psychology, Chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people (ex: there are many types of chairs, but we group them all as chairs) |
| Prototype | A mental image of the best example of a category. The more closely something matches a prototype, the more we think of it as an example of that concept. (We'll more readily say a robin is a bird than a goose is a bird.) |
| Algorithm | A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem |
| Heuristics | Simple problem-solving strategies that are speedier but more error-prone than algorithms and are more commonly used by humans |
| Confirmation bias | The tendency to seek out information that confirms one's preconceptions |
| Mental set | The tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, usually one that has been successful in the past |
| Functional fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
| Representative heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match prototypes (ex: we think a short, slim poetry reader is more likely to be a classics professor than a truck driver) |
| Availability heuristic | Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in our memory - if we readily remember an event, we think it's more common |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our own beliefs/judgments |
| Framing | The way an issue is posed, can have a significant effect on decisions and judgments |
| Belief bias | The tendency of pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning - we more easily see the illogic of statements that run counter to our beliefs than those that agree with our beliefs |
| Belief perseverance | Clinging to initial conceptions in the face of contrary evidence |
| Language | Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| Phonemes | The smallest distinctive units of sound |
| Morphemes | The smallest units that carry meaning (could be words or parts of words, like prefixes) |
| Grammar | A system of rules that allows us to communicate with and understand others |
| Semantics | A set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences (ex: in English, adding -ed to a verb makes it past tense) |
| Syntax | The rules for combining words into sentences (ex: in English, adjectives come before nouns) |
| Linguistic determinism | The hypothesis that language determines the way we think (ex: English has more words for self-focused emotions like anger, while Japanese has more words for interpersonal emotions like empathy, which can shape personality and values) |
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emilyjane1221
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