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Pharm Word List
WVSOM -- Pharm Word List
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Absorption | uptake of substances into or across tissues |
| Active Secretion | |
| Affinity | the attraction of a particular class of receptor to a drug, at a level sufficient to give an observable reaction. |
| Agonist | a medication that has an affinity for and stimulates the activity of cell receptors that are normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances |
| Antagonist | a drug that counteracts, blocks, or abolishes the action of another drug |
| Autoinduction | |
| Bioavailability | is used to describe the fraction of an administered does of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation. |
| Bioequivalence | used to assess the expected in vivo biological equivalence of two proprietary preparations of a drug. If two products aer said to be bioequivalent it means that they would be expected to be the same |
| Biotransformation | chemical alteration of a substance within the body, as by the action of enzymes |
| Blood-Brain Barrier | a physiological mechanism that alters the permeability of brain capillaries so that some substances, such as certain drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue, while others enter freely |
| Clearance | removal by the kidneys of a substance from blood plasma |
| Competitive Reversible Antagonism | |
| CSF | cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cytochrome P-450 | superfamily of heme-containing enzymes-CYPs of the ETC. Have multiple activities including activation of molecular O2 for incorporation into unactivated hydrocarbons, xenobiotic metabolism, bioremediation and breakdown of drugs and toxins |
| DEA | Drug Enforcement Agency |
| Distribution | location of medications in various organs and tissues after administration |
| Excipients | all the constituents of a remedy that lack medicinal properties |
| LD50 | Median lethal dose. Dose that will kill 50% of the tested group. |
| ED50, | median effective does |
| TD50, | median toxic dose |
| Emax | maximal effect |
| Dose: | the quantity to be administered at one time, as a specified amount of medication or a given quantity of radiation |
| Dose Response Curve | relationship between the dose level to an external stimulus or a drug and the response of an organism |
| Dose-dependent Kinetics | |
| Drug: | any chemical that affects living systems |
| Drug Interaction | pharmacological result, either desirable or undesirable, of drugs interacting with themselves or with other drugs |
| Drug Product | preparations of formulations. Pills, tablets, capsules |
| Drug Selectivity | capacity to produce a single effect |
| Drug Substance | active ingredient |
| Efficacy – Intrinsic Activity | the largest response or maximal effect a drug can produce |
| Enteral | within or by way of the intestine |
| Excretion | final elimination of a drug or other compound from circulation |
| Extraction Ratio | the fraction of a substance removed form blood flowing thru the kidney, calculated using the ratio of the concentrations of the substance in arterial and renal venous plasma |
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | us agency that oversees the regulation of biotechnology, food, supplemens, drug products and cosmetics |
| First Pass Drug | |
| First Pass Effect | |
| Glomerular Filtration | renal process whereby fluid in the blood is filtered across the capillaries of the glomerulus and into the urinary space of Bowman’s Capsule |
| Graded Dose Response | |
| Half-life | tiem required for half the quantity of a drug or other substance deposited in a living organism to be metabolized or eliminated by normal biological processes. |
| Hypersensitivity | a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to what is perceived as a foreign substance |
| Idiosyncracy | an abnormal susceptibility to an agent |
| Induction | act or process of inducing or causing to occur |
| Investigational New Drug Application (IND) | |
| IRB | an organizational committee that reviews and approves biomedical research that uses humans as subjects |
| Margin of Safety | amount between a therapeutic does and a lethal dose of a drug |
| Metabolic Activation | |
| New Drug Application (NDA) | submitted to FDA for drug approval after clinical trials. FDA evaluates whetehre the drug is safe and effective, proposed labeling, and controls are adequate enough |
| Non-Competitive Antagonism | binds to a site distinct from agonist. Primarily affects efficacy |
| OTC | Over the counter ; non-prescription drugs ; deemed safe without medical supervision |
| Parenteral | adminsitration outside the alimentary canal. By injection through some other rout as subcutaneous, intramuscular etc. |
| Partial Agonist | a drug that combines with teh relevant receptor but not with teh efficiency of the agonist |
| Partition Coefficient | ratio of concentrations of a compound in the two phases of a mixtrue of two solvents at equilibrium |
| Pharmacodynamics | actions of the drug on the body |
| Pharmacokinetics | actions of the body on the drug. Aka absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion |
| Pharmacological Antagonism | the relationship between drugs in which an anatagonist inhibits the activity of an agonist by reacting with the receptor or other part of the effector mechanism. |
| Physiological or Functional Antagonism | a situation in which two agonists interact with different receptors and produce opposing effects |
| Placebo | a substance containing no medication and prescribed or given to reinforce a patient’s expectation to get well |
| Post-Marketing Surveillance | practice of monitoring a pharmaceutical drug or device after it has been released on the market |
| Potency | related to the amount of a drug needed to produce a given intensity or effect |
| Potentiation | enhancement of one agent by another so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects of each one alone |
| Quantal Dose Response | |
| Receptor | a molecular structure in a cell or on the surface of a cell that allows binding of a specific substance that cauases a specific physiologic response |
| Risk-Benefit Ratio | consideration of whether a medical or surgical procedure is worth the risk to the patient as compared with the possible benefits if the procedure is succesful |
| Schedule Drug (Controlled) | |
| Side Effect | a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system |
| Spare Receptors | an excess of receptors exists at some sites |
| Synergism | joint action of agents so that their comined effect is greater than the algebraic sum of their individual parts |
| Tachyphylaxis | rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses |
| Therapeutic Index | LD50/ED50 – Higher ratio = more safe/less toxic. 20 or more relatively safe |
| Therapeutic Window | well-defined range of a drug’s serum concentration at which a desired effect occurs, below which there is little effect, above which toxicity occurs |
| Tolerance | decrease in susceptibility to the effects of a drug due to its continued administration |
| Topical | of or pertaining to a drug or treatment applied to the surface of a part of the body |
| Toxicity | the ability of a drug or poison to produce harm, especially cause permanent injury or death |
| Volume of Distribution | the calculated body space available for distribution of a drug |
Created by:
tjamrose
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