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Nason Ch 9
Memory Vocab
| Vocab Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
| Flashbulb Memory | a clear memory of an emotionally signifigant moment or event |
| Encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| Storage | the retention of encoded information over time |
| Retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage |
| Sensory Memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
| Short-Term Memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten |
| Long-Term Memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| Working Memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| Automatic Processing | unconscious encoding incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings |
| Effortful Processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
| Rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
| Spacing Effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice |
| Serial Position Effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
| Visual Encoding | the encoding of pictures; especially the way a word looks |
| Auditory Encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
| Semantic Encoding | the encoding of meaning, especially the meaning of words |
| Imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding |
| Mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| Chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| Echoic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds |
| Iconic Memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
| Long-Term Potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory |
| Amnesia | the loss of memory |
| Implicit Memory | retention independanct of conscious recollection |
| Explicit Memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" |
| Hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage |
| Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as in a fill-in-the-blank-test |
| Recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as in a multiple choice test |
| Relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
| Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| Deja Vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before". Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistant with one's current good or bad mood |
| Proactive Interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| Retroactive Interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| Repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arrousing thoughts, feelings, and memories |
| Misinformation Effect | incorportating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
| Source Amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. This, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories |
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