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Psy100-OSU-Learn
Psychology 100 - OSU - Learning (p231-284)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| learning | change in an organism's behavior or thought as a result of experience |
| habituation | process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
| classical (Pavlovian or respondent) conditioning | form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits and automatic response |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | initially neutral stimulus |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
| conditioned response (CR) | response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
| acquisition | learning phase during which a conditioned response is established |
| extinction | gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus |
| spontaneous recovery | sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| renewal effect | sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired |
| stimulus generalization | process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
| stimulus discrimination | displaying a less pronounced conditioned response to the conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
| higher-order conditioning | developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus |
| latent inhibition | difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeated experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus |
| fetishism | sexual attraction to nonliving things |
| pseudoconditioning | an apparent conditioned response that actually turns out to be an unconditioned response to the conditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior |
| law of effect | principle asserting if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to elicit the behavior in the future |
| insight | grasping the nature of the problem |
| skinner box | small animal chamber constructed by skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be adminstered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised |
| reinforcement | outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of behavior |
| positive reinforcement | positive outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
| negative reinforcement | removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior |
| punishment | outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior |
| discriminant stimulus (Sd) | stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement |
| partial reinforcement | only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinfoced continually |
| schedule of reinforcement | pattern of reinforcing a behavior |
| fixed ratio (FR) schedule | pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses |
| fixed interval (FI) schedule | pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval |
| variable ratio (VR) schedule | pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly |
| variable interval (VI) schedule | pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly |
| shaping by successive approximations | conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target |
| Premack principle | principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequencey by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior |
| latent learning | learning that's not directly observable |
| cognative maps | mental representations of how a physical space is organized |
| observational learning | learning by watching others |
| mirror neurons | cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action |
| equipotentialiy | assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be easily associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus |
| preparedness | evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value |
| instinctive drift | tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement |
Created by:
neill89
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