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SALT 9th Science
SALT 9th Science - Chapters 10-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| abrasion | the sandblasting action of windblown sand |
| delta | a fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a river |
| drainage basin | a region of land drained by a stream or river system |
| drumlin | low hill formed when an advancing glacier overruns an old moraine |
| erosion | general term for the carrying away of rock fragments such as by wind or running water |
| exfoliation | type of weathering, often associated with granite, that involves the breaking or peeling away of rock in layers |
| two major types of glaciers | continental and valley |
| mass wasting | general term for movements of rock and soil caused by gravity |
| meander | winding, looping curve in a river on a flat flood plain |
| moraine | a heap or ridge of till (broken rocks) left by a retreating glacier |
| sea stack | pillarlike structure of rock formed when the middle of a sea arch collapses |
| stalactite | an iciclelike mass of dripstone that forms on the ceiling of a cave |
| stalagmite | a spirelike mass of dripstone that forms on the floor of a cave |
| weathering | general term for the process by which rocks are broken down by the forces of nature |
| two types of weathering | physical weathering and chemical weathering |
| Australopithecines | the fossil known as “Lucy” is an example of this group of extinct apes |
| Charles Darwin | the British naturalist who popularized evolution with the book On the Origin of Species |
| evolution | the belief that the universe and all that is in it originated by natural processes over billions of years |
| fossils | the preserved remains of plants, animals, or humans in sedimentary rock |
| geologic column | a hypothetical time scale of the earth’s history based on evolutionary assumptions about the fossil record |
| Ice age | the period of history during which much of the earth’s high latitudes were apparently covered with glaciers |
| living fossils | animals such as the coelecanth that disappear abruptly from the fossil record, yet are still alive today |
| natural selection | the idea that the fittest and strongest of each species are more likely to survive and reproduce than weaker or unfit members of the species |
| paleontology | the study of fossils |
| Punctuated Equilibrium Hypothesis | the evolutionary hypothesis which states that new kinds of organisms arise in just a few generations as a result of massive genetic rescramblings |
| principle of uniformity | states that the same scientific laws in operation today have existed throughout the earth’s history |
| special creation | the belief that God called the universe and all that is in it into existence out of nothing (ex nihilo) |
| Uniformitarianism | false belief that all geological processes have always proceeded at the same rate |
| The most important evidence against evolution: | there are no transitional forms in the fossil record |
| acceleration | any change is speed, in direction, or in both speed and direction |
| acceleration of gravity at the earth’s surface | 9.8 m/s2 |
| deceleration | negative acceleration |
| force | the pushing or pulling action of one object upon another |
| inertia | the tendency of matter to resist changes in motion |
| mass | the quantity of matter an object contains |
| mechanics | the branch of physics that deals with objects in motion |
| momentum | “p” – the “quantity of motion” of an object, p |
| newton | the SI unit of force |
| physics | the study of matter and energy and the interactions that occur between them. |
| resultant | an arrow on a diagram that shows the combined effect of two or more other vectors |
| speed | the distance covered by an object in a certain period of time; rate of motion |
| vector | an arrow that represents the magnitude and direction of a physical quantity on a diagram |
| velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction |
| weight | a measurement of the earth’s gravitational pull on an object |
| First law of motion | the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force. |
| Second law of motion | the acceleration of an object acted upon by a force is directly related to the strength of the force and inversely related to the object’s mass |
| Third law of motion | states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Galileo’s thought on gravity (pg 320-321) | He discovered that all objects near the earth’s surface accelerate at the same rate when they fall, regardless of their mass. |
| Sir Isaac Newton | formulated the laws of motion and gravitation |
| four fundamental forces of nature | strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, gravitational force |
| amplitude | the maximum distance that particles are displaced by a wave |
| crest | the highest point of a wave |
| constructive interference | when two crests or two troughs of interfering waves coincide, they strengthen each other |
| destructive interference | the wave interference that occurs when the crest of one wave and a trough of another pass through each other, canceling each other out |
| decibel | the unit usually used to measure sound intensity in a way that reflects how our ears perceive sound |
| diffraction | the spreading out of a wave after it passes through a narrow opening |
| Doppler effect | a change in sound frequency caused by an object’s motion |
| frequency | the number of complete waves that pass a given point in a second |
| hertz | the SI unit of frequency, equal to 1 wave or cycle per second |
| interference | the mutual reinforcement or cancellation that occurs when two or more waves meet |
| infrasonic | sound with a frequency below the range of human hearing |
| intensity | the strength of a sound wave |
| inverse square law of sound intensity | the intensity of a sound decreases as the square of the distance increases. (ie. a sound at 6 meters is 1/36 as intense than the same sound at 1 meter. Or a sound at 1 meter is 25 times more intense than the same sound at 5 meters. |
| law of reflection | the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection |
| longitudinal wave | a series of compression and rarefaction pulses traveling along a spring |
| medium | the substance through which a wave transfers energy |
| overtones | sounds produced by a musical instrument at higher frequencies than the fundamental |
| pitch | the effect of frequency on the way our ear perceives sound |
| reflection | the change in the course of a wave as a result of a collision with an object |
| refraction | the bending of the path of a wave as a result of a change in wave speed, such as when crossing a boundary between medium |
| supersonic | speeds faster than the speed of sound |
| transverse waves | a series of side-to-side waves traveling along a rope |
| trough | the low points of a wave |
| ultrasonic | sound with a frequency above the range of human hearing |
| wave | a periodic back-and-forth motion that transmits energy through a substance |
| wavelength | the distance from one wave crest or trough to the next |
| two kinds of wave interference | constructive interference and destructive interference |
| What is the speed (ft/sec) of a water wave with a wavelength of 10 feet and frequency of 2 Hz? | 10ft. x 2Hz = 20 ft.sec |
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kbtarheelgirl
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