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Psych Exam 4
Chapters 5, 7, 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Changes that occur in behavior as the result of normal development & aging are referred to as | Maturation |
| meat powder in dog’s mouth | UCS |
| tone from tuning fork | CS |
| salivation from meat powder | UCR |
| salivation from tuning fork | CR |
| We observe the effects of learning by looking at | Performance |
| In classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes the | Conditioned stimulus |
| Eliminating the pairing between the CS & the UCS leads to | Extinction |
| eliminating the conditioned response by eliminating the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli | Extinction |
| when stimuli are different enough from the conditioned stimulus to not elicit the conditioned response | Discrimination |
| when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response | Generalization |
| gradual exposure to anxiety-producing stimuli while maintaining a relaxed state | Systematic desensitization |
| to condition a different, opposing response | Counterconditioning |
| Organisms tend to repeat responses that have satisfying consequences and tend not to repeat those that have unsatisfying consequences | law of effect |
| reinforcer that is naturally rewarding, and typically have some connection to biological needs | Primary reinforcer |
| reinforcers that are not automatically reinforcing but become so because of their association with other reinforcers | Secondary reinforcer |
| fixed number of responses is required before reinforcement occurs | Fixed ratio |
| the number of responses required before reinforcement occurs varies | Variable ratio |
| is available after a fixed amount of time has passed | Fixed interval |
| the amount of time before reinforcement is available varies | Variable interval |
| adding a pleasant stimulus | Positive reinforcement |
| taking away an unpleasant stimulus | Negative reinforcement |
| Specific behaviors become more likely in certain settings and at certain times than at others | stimulus control |
| The reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior | shaping |
| What is extinction in operant conditioning? | Removing the satisfying or reinforcing consequences to reduce the frequency of inappropriate responses |
| A child may learn to ask his father for money only when his father is in a good mood.The father’s good mood is an example of a | Discriminative stimuli |
| Intelligence is one of the most agreed upon concepts in the study of psychology. (T or F) | False |
| The approach to intelligence that focused on the measurement of intellectual or psychological abilities became known as the (fill in the blank) approach | Psychometric |
| (fill in the blank) is a complex statistical technique that is used to identify the traits that make up intelligence | Factor analysis |
| While one of the factors in the two-factor theory of intelligence consisted of specific abilities, the other factor was (fill in the blank) | General intelligence |
| (fill in the blank) was hired to develop the test to identify children who were not doing well in school and thus may be in need of special services | Alfred Binet (main one) and Theodore Simon |
| the age level of the most difficult item a child can answer correctly | Mental age |
| actual age in years, months, and days | Chronological age |
| mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 | Intelligence quotient |
| What is the formula for calculating the intelligence quotient (IQ)? | IQ= (mental age/chronological age) x100 |
| the term used to describe how well a test measures what it is intended to measure | Content validity |
| the extent to which test scores relate to some other measure. In other words, you measure the results of the test against a comparison | Criterion validity |
| the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure | Predictive validity |
| Does the psychometeric approach produce a clear comprehensive understanding of intelligence? | No |
| the answers one gives to an intelligence test question | Products |
| the operation and functioning | Processes |
| According to Robert Sternberg, the fundamental unit of solving an intelligence test is called the (fill in the blank) process | component |
| According to (fill in the blank), intelligence is simply defined as the ability to process information | Joseph Fagan |
| In Vygotsk’s theory what is a wide zone of proximal development? | the fewer the prompts that a person needs to get the correct answer, the more intelligent he or she is considered to be. Therefore, having a wider ZPD |
| Can the negative effects of an early deprive infancy be overcome if a child is placed into a favorable and enriching environment? | yes |
| How is family size related to intelligence? | Children from larger families tend to have lower IQ’s and later born children have lower IQ’s than first or early born children |
| What are key concepts in the definition of development? | 1) the change in behavior must be systematic or orderly; 2) change is a given, natural part of the life of the child; 3) change happens over the entire course of life |
| the systematic changes in behavior and abilities that occur between the moment of conception and death | Development |
| Who believed children were like a tabla rasa? | John Locke |
| changes that are gradual, smooth, and stable, with new abilities building upon one another | Continuous |
| changes appear to be sudden and dramatic | Discontinuous |
| studies the same group of children over an extended period of time | Longitudinal research design |
| studies children who vary in their ages at the same point in time | Cross-sectional research design |
| When is an ovum released in the menstrual cycle? | Approximately midway through (the 14th day) |
| What are the names of the periods of prenatal development? | Germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period |
| The effects of (fill in the blank) include prenatal and postnatal growth deficiencies, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system problems | Teratogens (alcohol) |
| How many stages of labor and delivery are there? | 3 |
| What reflexes do newborns have? | Newborns have rudimentary reflexes such as blinking, Babinski, grasping, moro (startle), rooting, sucking, stepping, and the asymmetric tonic neck reflex |
| Can very young infants detect the basic units of sound in language called phonemes? | yes |
| The (fill in the blank) theory of perception assumes that information or knowledge is needed for perception | genetic epistemology |
| incorporating a new experience into the existing schema | Assimilation |
| changing the existing schema to adapt to changes in the environment | Accommodation |
| first 2 years of life. Infants understanding of words through actions. A baby begins to learn object permanence, they begin to realize that other people see things differently than they do | Sensorimotor stage |
| ages 2-7. The child develops the ability to represent the world and actions in terms of symbols | Preoperational stage |
| ages 7-11. A child’s thoughts become logical | Concrete operational stage |
| begins at age 11 and last the rest of a child’s life. A child’s thought is systematic and abstract | Formal operational stage |
| (fill in the blank) is the ability to keep ‘on task’ | sustained attention |
| What theory of language development says humans are born with the capacity to learn language because of a language acquisition device? | the information-processing approach |
| According to Kagan, a child who shows wariness and fearfulness in a new situation may be described as having a(n) (fill in the blank) temperament | slow-to-warm-up |
| The majority of babies in the Strange Situation show a(n) (fill in the blank) attachment to the mother | secure (Pattern B) |
| parents have high expectations and use rewards rather than punishments to achieve their ends. Children tend to be high in self control, friendly with peers, cooperative with adults, and independent and energetic, and they strive for high achievement | Authoritative |
| parents value respect for authority and strict obedience to their commands, tend to be strict and use use forceful techniques such as threats or physical punishment. Children tend to be unhappy, aggressiveness in boys, and dependence in girls | Authoritarian |
| setting few limits and making few demands. Parents are either moderately warm or cool and uninvolved. Children have low self-control and self-reliance | Permissive |
| uncommitted to parenting and detached from children. Children show lower self-esteem, increased levels or aggression, and greater impulsiveness | Uninvolved |
| How do fathers tend to play with their children? | Fathers tend to spend less time with children compared to mothers. Fathers spend more time with children in play activities, more physical, rough-and-tumble |
| If you do the things you enjoy first and put off studying or working on a paper for class, you are violating what? | The Premack principle |
| You have been caught driving while drunk and loose your licence. This is an example of what? | Response cost |
| Who proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence? | Spearman |
| According to Robert Sternberg, the idea that the performance of intellectual components may vary with a person's level of practice is which process? | experiential |
| Who may be credited as the founder of the study of child development? | G. Stanley Hall |
| The usual ages at which behaviors occur are called what? | norms |
| In which state, is the baby is quiet, alert, and highly responsive to environmental stimulation? | 4 |
| During which stage of development, does a child understand the world through physical actions and attains object permanence? | sensorimotor |
| During which stage of development, does a child's thought becomes systematic, abstract, and capable of hypothetical-deductive reasoning? | formal operational |
| According to which theory of language development, humans are born with the capacity to learn language because of the functioning of the language acquisition device? | linguistic |
| The close emotional relationship between a mother and her baby due to biological factors is called what? | bonding |
| According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the development of morality occurs due to advances in what? | cognition |
Created by:
lnharrold
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