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Psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| psychology | scientific study of behavior and mental process |
| phrenology | defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics were localized to specific areas of the brain |
| structuralism | a method by which the human mind is defined in the simplest components (Hemholtz) |
| clinical psychology | modernly known as a branch of psychology that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of mental, behavioral and emotional disorders |
| psychoanalytic theory | an approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts and behaviors |
| cognitive psychology | interdisciplinary method that studies brain activity as it links with cognition |
| contemporary psychology | biological, psychological, social-cultural |
| tenacity | hearing a piece of info so often that you accept it as true |
| empiricism | gaining knowledge through observation based on the five senses |
| illusory correlation | phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between two variables when no actual relationship exists |
| synapse | gap between the axon of one cell and the dendrites of another |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that are released and sent across the synapse |
| agonists | drugs that increase action of a neurotransmitter |
| antagonists | drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter |
| nervous system | interacting network of neurons that conveys electrochemical information throughout the body |
| central nervous system | part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body's organs and muscles |
| somatic nervous system | set of nerves that conveys info between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system |
| autonomic nervous system | set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs and glands |
| sympathetic nervous system | set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations |
| parasympathetic nervous system | set of nerves that helps the body return to normal resting state |
| pituitary gland | master gland, releases a hormone that directs the functions of many other glands in the endocrine system |
| pineal gland | produces melatonin, regulates sleep patterns |
| thyroid gland | one of the largest glands, produces hormones that regulate growth and development through metabolism |
| adrenal gland | regulates salt and metabolism |
| occipital lobe | process visual info |
| parietal lobe | processes info about touch, spatial sense and navigation |
| temporal lobe | responsible for hearing and language |
| frontal lobe | responsible for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgment |
| motor cortex | responsible for execution of movement |
| electroencephalogram | used to record electrical activity in the brain |
| PET scan | visual display of brain activity |
| MRI | uses magnetic fields and radio waves, distinguish brain tissues |
| TMS | delivers a magnetic pulse through the skull |
| brain plasticity | brains ability to adapt to changes in sensory inputs |
| developmental psychology | study of continuity and changes across the lifespan |
| teratogens | agents (drugs or viruses) that damage the process of development |
| cephalocaudal rule | "top to bottom" rule, infants will gain control of their head before they gain control of their feet |
| proximodistal rule | "inside out" rule, infants will gain control of their torso before elbows and knees and will control their elbows and knees before hands and feet |
| sensorimotor stage | birth- 2 years |
| schemas | theories about the way the world works |
| assimilation | way in which infants apply their schemas to new situations |
| accommodation | process by which infants change their schemas due to new info |
| object permanence | belief that an object still exists, even when you cannot see it |
| preoperational stage | 2-6 years |
| concrete operational stage | 6-11 years |
| formal operational stage | 11 years and up |
| preconventional stage of morality | stage in which the morality of an action is determined by the consequences for the actor |
| conventional stage | stage where the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |
| postconventional stage | stage where the morality of the action is determined by a set of principles that reflect individual values |
| oral-sensory stage | birth to 12-18 months |
| muscular-anal stage | 18 months to 2 years |
| locomotor stage | 3 to 6 years |
| latency stage | 6 to 12 years |
| adolescence stage | 12 to 18 years |
| young adulthood stage | 19 to 40 years |
| middle adulthood stage | 40 to 65 years |
| maturity stage | 65 to death |
| memory | ability to store and retrieve information over time |
| semantic encoding | process of relating new info in a meaningful way to previously stored knowledge |
| visual imagery encoding | process of storing new info by converting it into mental pictures |
| organizational encoding | process of categorizing info according to relationships among series of items |
| sensory memory | type of storage that holds sensory info for only a few seconds |
| iconic memory | fast-decaying store of visual info |
| echoic memory | fast-decaying store of auditory info |
| haptic memory | fast-decaying store of touch-based info |
| short-term storage | type of memory that holds non-sensory info for more than a few seconds but less than a minute |
| long-term storage | type of memory that holds info for hours, days, weeks or years |
| semantic memory | made up of facts and general knowledge |
| episodic memory | pertains to our personal lives and experience |
| procedural memory | pertains to motor and cognitive skills |
| anterograde amnesia | inability to make new memories |
| retrograde amnesia | inability to retrieve old memories |
| transience | forgetting what happens with the passage of time |
| blocking | failure to retrieve info from your memory, even when you try to access it |
| memory misattribution | happens when we assign a memory, even when you try to access it |
| suggestibility | tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections |
| persistence | intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget |
| learning | relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| habituation | process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to stimuli results in a reduction in responding |
| acquisition | stage where the neutral stimulus is first associated with the unconditioned stimulus |
| second-order conditioning | when a CS is paired with a NS causing the NS to become associated with the original stimulus |
| extinction | gradual unlearning of a learned response when the CS is repeatedly given without the US |
| spontaneous recovery | tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period |
| generalization | when the CR is observed even when the CS is slightly different from the CS used in acquisition |
| personality | individuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling |
| repression | banishes anxiety related thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness |
| rationalization | offers self-justifying explanations in place of real reasons for ones actions |
| projection | disguising your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| regression | leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychosexual stage |
| displacement | shifting sexual or aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable or less threatening object or person |
| identification | dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful |
| sublimation | channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable activities |
| social psychology | how we think about, influence and relate to one another |
| social cognition | process by which people come to understand others |
| attribution theory | people provide casual explanations for someone else's behavior |
| situational attribution | decision that a person's behavior is influenced by the environment |
| dispositional attribution | decision that a person's behavior is influenced by their personality |
| fundamental-attribution error | tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should make a situational attribution |
| actor-observer effect | tendency to make situational attributions for your actions but to make dispositional attributions for others actions |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | tendency to agree with a larger request after fulfilling a smaller request |
| door-in-the-face phenomenon | influence strategy that involves getting an individual to deny an outrageous request, making them more likely to agree to a reasonable request |
| cognitive dissonance theory | unpleasant state that occurs when a person recognizes that there is inconsistency between attitudes and actions |
| social influence | occurs when ones emotions, opinions or behaviors are affected by others |
| normative influence | occurs when another person's behavior provides info about what is appropriate |
| informational influence | occurs when another person's behavior provides info about what is true |
| social facilitation | improved performance on tasks in the presence of others |
| social loafing | tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort towards a goal than when tested individually |
| deindividuation | loss of self-awareness and restraint in group situations |
| groupthink | mode of thinking when the need for harmony in a group overrides reality |
| altruism | behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself |
| equity | people receive from a relationship what they give |
| self-disclosure | act of reveling intimate aspects of oneself to others |
| reciprocal altruism | behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned later |
| mere exposure effect | repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases attraction |
| passionate love | experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction |
| companionate love | experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner's wellbeing |
| frustration-aggression hypothesis | suggests that we aggress when our desires are frustrated |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | tendency for people to behave as expected to behave |
| stereotype threat | fear of confirming negative beliefs that others hold |
| perceptual confirmation | tendency for people to see what they want to see |
| subtyping | tendency to modify stereotypes after learning new info |
| anxiety disorders | characterized by feelings of apprehension and anxiety |
| phobic disorders | characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of specific things |
| obsessive compulsive disorders | marked by persistence of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in rituals that causes distress |
| reactive attachment disorder | pattern of emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers |
| post-traumatic stress disorder | characterized by chronic thoughts or image of trauma |
| dysthymia | similar to major depressive disorder but lasts 2 years |
| bipolar disorder | characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood and low mood for at least 2 years |
| personality dirsoders | characterized by enduring patterns of relating to others and controlling impulses |
| Thomas Hobbes | believed that the mind and body are the same thing |
| William Wundt | father of modern psychology |
| Rene Descartes | believed that the mind and body were different but they interacted through a single link, the pineal gland |
| Carl Jung | student of Freud |
| Alfred Adler | founded individual psychology |
| Karen Horney | founded feminist psychology, neo-Freudian |
| J.B. Watson | founded behaviorism, classical conditioning |
| B.F. Skinner | founded radical behaviorism |
| Abraham Maslow | positive psychology, Maslow's hierarchy |
| Phineas Gage | man who had a rod go through his head and his whole demeanor changed |
| Edward Thorndike | law of effect (rewarded behavior is likely to occur again) |
| Albert Bandura | found that children learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments |
| Heider | Attribution Theory |
| Philippe Pinel | presented a medical model to understanding demonic possession |
Created by:
mafreeman4
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