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Psycology Exam #4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Model of Motivation | Need -> Drive -> Response -> Goal -> Need Reduction |
| Types of Motives | 1. Biological Motives: Innate-must be met for survival 2. Stimulus Motives: Express our need for stimulation and information. 3. Learned Motives: Based on learned needs, drives, goals |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Lower needs in the hierarchy are dominant. Basic needs must be met before growth motives are fully expressed. |
| Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation | Intrinsic comes from within and is based on personal enjoyment of a task or activity. Extrinsic is based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors. |
| Hypothalamus | Small area of the brain that regulates motivation and emotion; especially hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior. |
| Behavioral Dieting | Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation. |
| Extracellular Thirst | Thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells. |
| Intracellular Thirst | Thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of the cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell. |
| Examples of Learned Motives | Need for power; need for achievement |
| Attribution | The mental process of assigning causes to events. In emotion, the process of attributing arousal to a particular source. |
| Alexithymia | A learned difficult expressing emotions; more common in men. Latin for "can't name emotions" |
| Kinesics | Study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions; Commonly called BODY LANGUAGE |
| Amygdala | A part of the limbic system (within the brain) that produces fear responses. |
| Introversion | A person whose attention is focused inward; a shy, reserved, self-focused person. |
| Extroversion | A person whose attention is directed outward; a bold, outgoing person. |
| Personality Theories | A system of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles to understand and explain personality. |
| Reliability | The ability of a test to yield nearly the same score each time it is given to the same person. |
| Validity | The ability of a test to measure what it purports to measure. |
| Projective Tests | Psychological tests that use ambiguous or unstructured stimuli. Ie. Rorschach Inkblot Test; Thematic Apperception Test |
| Common vs. Individual Traits | Traits shared by most members of a culture vs. traits that define a person's unique individual qualities |
| Cardinal Traits | A personality trait that is so basic that all of a person's activities relate to it. (Ie. Mother Theresa-compassion; Abraham Lincoln-honesty) |
| Big Five Factor Model | CANOE: conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extroversion |
| Surface Traits | The visible or observable traits of one's personality. |
| Libido | Energizes personality (life instincts)-underlies our efforts to survive, as well as our sexual desires and pleasure seeking. |
| Thanatos | (Death instinct)-impulses toward aggression and destructive urges |
| Stages to explain personality theory | 1. Oral Stage 2. Anal Stage 3. Phallic Stage (3.5 Latency) 4. Genital Stage |
| Critical Comments | 1. Pioneered the general idea of unconscious process. 2. Critical events during first years of life help shape adult personality. 3. He was often wrong when it came to details. 4. Development of women has been discredited. |
| Behavioral Personality Theories | Any model of personality that emphasizes learning and observable behavior. |
| Causes of Actions | Situational determinants, expectancy, reinforcement values. |
| Critical Situation for Personality Development in Childhood | 1. Feeding 2. Toilet or cleanliness training 3. Sex training 4.Learning to express anger or aggression |
| Psychopathology | Scientific study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; also maladaptive behavior. |
| Insanity | A legal term that refers to the mental inability to manage one's affairs or to be aware of the consequence of one's actions. |
| Comorbidity | The simultaneous presence in a person of two or more mental disorders. |
| Risk Factors | Biological/organic-genetic, inherent Psychological-Stress, low intelligence, learning disorders Family-Parents who are immature, criminal, abusive Social-Poverty, poor living conditions, homelessness |
| Positive Symptoms | Excesses or exaggerations compared to normal behavior. Ie. delusions and hallucinations |
| Negative Symptoms | The absences or deficiencies compared to normal behavior. Ie.Alzheimer's |
| Delusional Disorders | Paranoid Psychosis; Schizophrenia; |
| Causes of Schizophrenia | Environment, before or after birth. Ex. Influenza, malnutrition. Heredity Brain Chemistry-dopamine |
| Mania vs. Hypomania | Manic episodes and depression vs. Mainly sad and guilt with one or more mild episodes of mania |
| Dysthymia vs. Cyclothymia | Depression that is long-lasting but relatively moderate vs. Long-lasting, but moderate alternation between depression and cheerfulness, etc. |
| Acute Stress Disorder | A psychological disturbance lasting up to ONE month. |
| PTSD | A psychological disturbance lasting MORE than one month. |
| Antisocial Personality | A person who lacks conscience; is emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish, and tends to manipulate others. |
| OCD | An extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviors. |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes (situations and circumstances). |
| In-group vs. Out-group | Group with which a person identifies vs. group with which a person does not identify |
| Cognitive Dissonance | Uncomfortable clash between one's self-image and one's behavior. |
| Compliance | 1. Foot-in-the-door 2. Door-in-the-face 3. Lowball technique |
| Conformity | Bringing one's behavior into agreement or harmony with norms or with the behavior of others in a group in the absence of direct pressure. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency of people to work less hard when part of a group than when they are solely responsible for their own work. |
| Social Facilitation | The tendency to perform better when in the presence of others. |
| 4 Parts of Attraction | Familiarity Similarity-similar to you (age, sex, ethnicity) Physical Attractiveness Reciprocity-Are the feelings reciprocated? |
| Liking | Relationship based on intimacy but lacking passion and commitment |
| Consummate Love | Intimacy, passion, and commitment |
| Bystander Effect | Unwillingness of bystanders to offer help during emergencies or to becomes involved in other's problems. |
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis | States that frustration tends to lead to aggression |
| Antisocial Behavior | Any behavior that has a negative impact on others |
| Social Learning Theory | Combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling to explain behavior. |
Created by:
zachary_morlock
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