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AP Psych Ch. 8 Vocab
Learning - AP Psychology, Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience |
| Conditioning | Acquiring specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli |
| Associative learning | Learning that two events happen together. The events could be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a behavior and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| Classical conditioning | A type of learning in which organisms come to associate stimuli |
| Behaviorism | Studying behavior without reference to the underlying mental processes |
| Ivan Pavlov | Taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell by associating it with meat |
| Acquisition | The initial stages in classical conditioning, associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response. This occurs in classical conditioning when a UCS doesn't follow a CS and in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli |
| John Watson | Taught Little Albert to be scared of a rat by pairing it with a loud noise |
| Operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement of diminished if followed by punishment |
| Law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable outcomes will become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable outcomes will become less likely |
| Operant chamber/Skinner box | A chamber (developed by B.F. Skinner) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with devices to record the animal's rate of key pressing |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers occur after each step of a longer process |
| Chaining | An operant conditioning procedure in which a multi-step process is reinforced at the end |
| Cognitive map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| Intrinsic motivation | Desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| Extrinsic motivation | Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| Observational learning | Learning by watching others |
| Modeling | Observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| Albert Bandura | Found that children who observed adults lashing out at a doll called Bobo were more likely to do the same |
| Aversive conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (e.g. nausea) with an unwanted behavior (e.g. drinking) |
| Conditioned taste aversion | Avoidance of food because of a learned association between the food and nausea |
| Counterconditioning | Attempts to replace negative responses to a stimulus with more positive ones |
| Premack Principle | More-preferred activities should be used to reinforce less-preferred |
| Respondent behavior | An instinctive behavior that occurs in response to a stimulus |
| Reciprocal determinism | A person's behavior both influences and is influenced by the person's characteristics and environment |
| Self-efficacy | An individual's belief that he or she can accomplish a task |
| Positive reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimulus |
| Negative reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing a negative stimulus when the behavior is performed |
| Primary reinforcer | A non-learned reinforcer that satisfies physiological needs (e.g. food) |
| Secondary reinforcer | A learned reinforcer (e.g. money) that often gains reinforcing abilities via association with a primary reinforcer |
| Partial/intermittent reinforcement | Only a portion of responses are reinforced - results in a slower acquisition of a response but a much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| Punishment/omission training | The removal of something pleasant to decrease a behavior |
| Schedules of reinforcement | FI = fixed interval (getting paid every Monday) FR = fixed ratio (getting paid each time you rake leaves) VI = variable interval (pop quizzes) VR = variable ratio (gambling) |
| Parts of classical conditioning | UCS = unconditioned stimulus UCR = unconditioned response CS = conditioned stimulus CR = conditioned response |
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emilyjane1221
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