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Chapter 14
Theories of Personality
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | The consistent enduring, and unique characteristics of a person |
| Unconscious | The part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors |
| id | The part of the conscious personality that contains our needs, drives, instincts, and repressed material |
| Ego | The part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways |
| Superego | The part of the personality that is the source of conscience and counteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id |
| Defense Mechanisms | Certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances |
| Collective Unconscious | The part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people |
| Archetype | An inherited idea, based on the experiences of one's ancestors, which shapes one's perception of the world |
| Inferiority Complex | A pattern of avoiding feeling of inadequacy rather than trying to overcome their source |
| Behaviorism | Belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior and nothing else |
| Contingencies of Reinforcement | The occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behavior |
| Humanistic Psychology | A school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential by each unique individual |
| Self-actualization | The humanist term for realizing one's unique potential |
| Self | One's experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others |
| Positive Regard | Viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback received from others |
| Conditions of Worth | The conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | The perception that individuals' significant others value them for what they are, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same regard |
| Fully Functioning | An individual whose person and self coincide |
| Trait | A tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time |
| Cardinal Trait | A characteristic or feature that is so preservable the person is almost identified with it |
| Factor Analysis | A complex statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated |
| Surface Trait | A stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations |
| Source Trait | A stable characteristic that can be considered to be at the core of personality |
| Extravert | An outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things |
| Introvert | A reserved, withdrawn person who is preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings |
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