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MrsVanDyke Chapter 7
Motivation and Emotion
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Emotion | Four-part process that involves physiological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression-all which interact, rather than occuring in a linear sequence |
| Display Rules | The permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society |
| Lateralization of Emotion | Different influences of the two brain hemispheres on various emotions |
| James-Lange Theory | The Proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that , in turn, produces an emotion |
| Cannon-Bard Theory | The counter-proposal that an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion |
| Two-Factor Theory | The proposal claiming that emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both physical arousal (factor 1) and an emotion-provoking stimulus (factor 2) |
| Cognitive Appraisal Theory | Theory of emotion which theorizes that individuals decide on an appropriate emotion following the event |
| Opponent-Process Theory | Theory of emotion which theorizes that emotions have pairs. When one is triggered the other is suppressed |
| Inverted U Function | Describes the relationship between arousal and performance. Both low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than does a moderate level of arousal |
| Sensation Seekers | Zuckerman's theory says some individuals have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than other people do |
| Emotional Intelligence | The ability to undersand and control emotional responses |
| Motivation | All the processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physcial and psychological activities |
| Drive- | Biologically instigated motivation |
| Motive | An internal mechanism that selects and directs behavior |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for some external consequence, such as a reward |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence, such as a reward |
| Conscious Motivation | Having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire |
| Unconscious Motivation | Having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire |
| Instinct Theory | now-Outmoded view that certain behaviors are completely determined by innate factors. Flawed because it overlooked the effecgs of learning and because it employed instincts merely as labels, rather than as explanations for behavior |
| Fixed-Action Patterns | Genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimuus |
| Need-In Drive Theory | Need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens survival if the need is left unmet |
| Homeostasis | Body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to nutrients, water, and temperature |
| Locus of Control | Individuals sense of where his or her life influences originate -- internally or externally |
| Hierarchy of Needs | Maslow's theory, the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic |
| overjustificiation | Process by which extrinsic (external) rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games |
| Need For Achievement (n Ach) | In Murray and McClellnd's theory, a mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or to reach some goal |
| Individualism | View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction |
| Collectivism | View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction |
| Set Point | Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight |
| Volumetric Thirst | Drop in extracellulr fluid levels |
| Osmotic Thirst | Drop in intracellular fluid levels |
| Sexual Response Cycle | Four stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution in both men and women |
| Sexual Scripts | Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations |
| Approach-Approach Conflict | Conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflict | Conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the deciion to be made |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict | Conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects |
| Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict | Conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects |
| Stress | Physical and mental response to a challenging and theatening situation |
| Stressor | Stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaptation |
| Traumatic Stressor | Situation that threatens one's physical safety, arousing feelings of fear, horror, or helplessness |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Delayed stress reaction in which an individual involuntarily re-experiences emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of past trauma |
| Acute Stress | Temporary pattern of stressor-activated arousal with a distinct onset nd limited duration |
| Chronic Stress | Continuous stressful arousal persisting over time |
| Fight-or-Flight Response | Sequence o finternal processes preparing an organism for struggle or escape |
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Pattern of general physical responses that take essentially the same form in responding to any serious chronic stressor |
| Alarm Reaction | First stage of the GAS, during which the body mobilizes its resources to cope with a stressor |
| Stage of Resistance | Second stage of GAS, during which the body adapts to and uses resources to cope with a stressor |
| Stage of Exhaustion | Third stage of GAS, during which the body depletes its resources in responding to an ongoing stressor |
| Tend-and-Befriend Model | Stress response model proposing that females are biologically predisposed to respond to threat by nurturing and potecting offspring and seeking social support |
| Immune System | Bodily organs and responses that protect the body from foreign substances and threats |
| Psychoneuroimmunology | Multidisciplinary field that studies the influences of mental states on the immune system |
| Cytokines | Hormonelike chemicals facilitating intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations |
| Type A Behavior | Pattern characterized intense, angry, competitive, or perfectionistic responses to challenging situations |
| Type B Behavior | Behavior pattern characterized by relaxed, unstressed approach to life |
| Learned Helplessness | Patterned of failure to respond to noxious stimuli after an organism learns its responses are ineffective |
| Flow | Csikszentmihalyi's theory, an intense focus on an activity, accompanied by increased creativity and near ecstatic feelings. Flow involves intrinsic motivation |
Created by:
MrsVanDyke
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