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Neuroanatomy II
Development of Gait
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are CPG's? | Central Pattern Generators |
| What do CPG's control? | Locomotion |
| Where are CPG's located? | Brain Stem or Spinal Cord |
| What are CPG's believed to organize during gate? | the activation and firing sequence of muscles |
| What affects the emergence and refinement of gait? | ROM, strength, bone structure and composition and body comp. |
| What is the age of an immature walker? | <2.5 yrs |
| What is the age of a mature walker? | 3+ yrs |
| What are the main differences between an immature and a mature walker? | single limb stance, walking velocity, cadence, step length, pelvic span to ankle spread |
| Do fatter or skinnier infants achieve locomotion faster? | skinnier |
| From birth to six months body fat rises from __% to __% of body mass. | 12 to 25 |
| What has the fastest rate of growth in the first few months of life? | extremities |
| How many degrees of antetorsion is an infant born with? | 30-50 degrees |
| When a child assumes erect posture, what is responsible for reducing femoral anteversion(antetorsion)? | femoral torsion |
| When does the greatest decrease in femoral anteversion occur? | between 8 months and 2 years |
| What is the adult value of femoral anteversion? | 5-15 degrees |
| When is the adult value of femoral anteversion normally achieved? | by age 15 |
| Wide abduction, external rotation, and flexion at hips, bowed legs, and everted heel positions all characterize what? | supported walking |
| When would you expect to see supported walking? | birth-9 months |
| The visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems are working together to bring the center of mass back to a stable position after perturbations during what time span? | birth-9 months |
| At 9-15 months, LE alignment and body structure are characterized by what? | wide BOS, Hip Abd flexion and slight external rotation, and mild tibial internal torsion. |
| COM is closer to head and upper trunk when? | 9-15 months |
| What kind of stability is achieved first? | mediolateral |
| Why is BOS wide at onset of ambulation? | for stability and structural reasons |
| Are postural adjustments during locomotor phase of gait present at initiation of gait? | no |
| How are postural adjustments made at 9-15 months? | by movement of the entire body |
| What is believed to be a critical variable for independent locomotion during 9-15 months? | Development of sufficient extensor strength |
| When does the tibiofemoral angle in the frontal plane resolve? | 18 months |
| When does heel strike emerge, but is not consistent? | 18 months |
| When does COM begin to change from near the head to lower towards the LE? | 18-24 months |
| When is a consistent heel strike seen? | 24 months of age |
| When do the joint angles associated with walking mature to adult pattern? | 3-3.5 yrs |
| When does the tibiofemoral angle show maximum valgus alignment? | 3-3.5 yrs |
| By what age are gait patterns practically fully matured? | 7 yrs |
| When does tibiofemoral angle returne to normal? | 7 yrs |
| When is COM at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebrae? | 7 yrs |
| When does child experience a period of disequilibrium, where they become more clumsy due to rapid growth? | 4-6 yrs |
| Know the 8 phases of gait. | Intial contact (IC), Loading response (LR), midstance (MST), Terminal stance (TS), Preswing (PS), Initial swing (IS), Midswing (MS), Terminal swing (TS) |
Created by:
txst spr 2009
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