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Milady Ch. 12
Chemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acidic solution | a solution that has a pH below 7.0 |
| alkaline solution | a solution that has a pH above 7.0 |
| alkalis | also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts |
| alkanolamines | alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products |
| alpha hydroxy acids | abbreviated AHA's; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate skin |
| ammonia | colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen |
| anion | an ion with a negative electrical charge |
| atoms | the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element |
| cation | an ion with a positive electrical charge |
| chemical change | a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance |
| chemical properties | characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance |
| chemistry | science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions |
| combustion | rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light |
| compound molecules | also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions |
| electrons | subatomic particles with a negative charge |
| element | the simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity |
| elemental molecule | molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions |
| emulsifier | an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend |
| emulsion | an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier |
| exothermic reactions | chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat |
| glycerin | sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams |
| glycolic acid | an alpha hydroxyl acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products |
| immiscible | liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions |
| inorganic chemistry | the study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen; are not, and never were, alive |
| ion | an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge |
| ionization | the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions |
| lipophilic | having an affinity for or an attraction to fats and oils (oil-loving) |
| logarithm | multiples of 10 |
| matter | any substance that occupies space and has mass |
| miscible | liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning they can be mixed together to form stable solutions |
| molecule | a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions |
| neutrons | subatomic particles with no charge |
| oil-in-water emulsions | abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water |
| organic chemistry | the study of substances that contain the element carbon; is, or was at one time, alive |
| oxidation | a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide |
| oxidation-reduction | also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen) |
| oxidizing agent | substance that release oxygen |
| pH | the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen; pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions |
| pH scale | a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being neutral. a pH below 7 is an acidic solution, a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution |
| physical change | a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance |
| physical mixture | a physical combination of matter in any proportion |
| physical properties | characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance |
| protons | subatomic particles with a positive charge |
| pure substance | a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions |
| reducing agent | a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from a compound |
| silicones | special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solution | a stable physical mixture of two or more substances |
| solvent | the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution |
| states of matter | the three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas |
| surfactants | a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify |
| suspensions | unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in liquid |
| thioglycolic acid | a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions |
| volatile alcohols | alcohols that evaporate easily |
| volatile organic compounds | abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate easily (volatile) |
| water-in-oil emulsion | abbreviated W?O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil |
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MissAllison