Chemistry
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| acidic solution | a solution that has a pH below 7.0
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| alkaline solution | a solution that has a pH above 7.0
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| alkalis | also known as bases; compounds that react with acids to form salts
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| alkanolamines | alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products
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| alpha hydroxy acids | abbreviated AHA's; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate skin
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| ammonia | colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen
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| anion | an ion with a negative electrical charge
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| atoms | the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element; structures that make up the element and have the same properties of the element
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| cation | an ion with a positive electrical charge
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| chemical change | a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance
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| chemical properties | characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
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| chemistry | science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions
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| combustion | rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light
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| compound molecules | also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions
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| electrons | subatomic particles with a negative charge
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| element | the simplest form of chemical matter; an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
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| elemental molecule | molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions
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| emulsifier | an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
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| emulsion | an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier
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| exothermic reactions | chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat
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| glycerin | sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams
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| glycolic acid | an alpha hydroxyl acid used in exfoliation and to lower the pH of products
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| immiscible | liquids that are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions
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| inorganic chemistry | the study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen; are not, and never were, alive
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| ion | an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
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| ionization | the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions
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| lipophilic | having an affinity for or an attraction to fats and oils (oil-loving)
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| logarithm | multiples of 10
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| matter | any substance that occupies space and has mass
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| miscible | liquids that are mutually soluble, meaning they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
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| molecule | a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions
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| neutrons | subatomic particles with no charge
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| oil-in-water emulsions | abbreviated O/W emulsion; oil droplets emulsified in water
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| organic chemistry | the study of substances that contain the element carbon; is, or was at one time, alive
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| oxidation | a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
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| oxidation-reduction | also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen)
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| oxidizing agent | substance that release oxygen
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| pH | the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen; pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions
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| pH scale | a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance; the pH scale has a range of 0-14, with 7 being neutral. a pH below 7 is an acidic solution, a pH above 7 is an alkaline solution
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| physical change | a change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance
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| physical mixture | a physical combination of matter in any proportion
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| physical properties | characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance
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| protons | subatomic particles with a positive charge
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| pure substance | a chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions
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| reducing agent | a substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from a compound
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| silicones | special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers
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| solute | the substance that is dissolved in a solution
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| solution | a stable physical mixture of two or more substances
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| solvent | the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution
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| states of matter | the three different physical forms of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
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| surfactants | a contraction of surface active agents; substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify
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| suspensions | unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in liquid
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| thioglycolic acid | a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solutions
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| volatile alcohols | alcohols that evaporate easily
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| volatile organic compounds | abbreviated VOCs; compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate easily (volatile)
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| water-in-oil emulsion | abbreviated W?O emulsion; water droplets emulsified in oil
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Created by:
MissAllison