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Medication administr
Medication and their administration Ch 13-14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Radiographer’s responsibilities include: | Drawing up and administering contrast agents for IV use; Mixing up and administering contrast for oral administration; Venipuncture; Checking for allergies; Assisting the physician/nurse Monitoring the patient during and after medication administration |
| Medication | a substance prescribed for treatment and produces therapeutically useful effects |
| Drug | a more general term and denotes substances used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease, or as a component of a medication |
| Medications have: | 1.Generic or chemical names: Identifies the chemical family (Acetaminophen) 2.Proprietary or trade names: Given by manufacturer (Tylenol) |
| An information sheet (package insert) | included with all drugs/medications that gives trade name, generic name, chemical composition, chemical strength, usual dose, indications, contraindications, and reported side effects |
| PDR (Physician’s Desk Reference) | is published annually and lists all drugs and medications |
| Pharmacokinetics | The study of how drugs enter the body, are absorbed, reach their site of action, are metabolized, and exit the body. |
| Factors affecting the drug | age, physical condition, sex, weight, or immune status |
| Absorption | How the drug enters the systemic circulation and produces the desired effect. Acts on the cells receptor sites (may bind to them or block them) |
| Distribution | Means by which the drug goes from site of administration to site of desired action. Usually through the bloodstream. Organs with high blood flow have the drug delivered quicker |
| Metabolism | How the body transforms the drug into an inactive form that can be excreted from the body Most metabolism occurs in the liver |
| Excretion | Elimination of the drug from the body after it has been metabolized. Kidneys, intestines, lungs, or exocrine glands. Kidneys are the chief organs of excretion |
| Serum creatinine level | Test to evaluate kidney function |
| Pharmacodynamics | The study of the effects of drugs on the normal physiological functions of the body |
| an agonist (sedatives) drug | Drugs bind to receptor sites on cells and cause some type of therapeutic action |
| an antagonist (drugs to counteract sedatives) | A drug that attaches itself to a receptor and prevents an agonist from acting |
| Medication Effects | 1.Therapeutic effects. 2.Side effects. 3.Toxic effects when the drug accumulates in the body at high levels. Antidote treats toxic effects |
| Adverse side effects | are not a normal consequence of most prescribed medications Mild nausea, flushing, hives, respiratory distress, change in blood pressure, or worse. |
| synergistic effect | Drugs taken together may have a synergistic (additive) effect |
| Anti-allergic medications: | 1.Diphenhydramine:(Benadryl) Oral, IM, or IV 2.Epinephrine:(Adrenalin) SC, IM, or IV 3.Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) |
| Antimicrobials | 1.Betadine: Iodine compound 2.Antibiotics |
| Analgesics (Drugs that relieve pain) | 1.Opiods (drugs whose action is similar to morphine) 2.Morphine 3.Codeine 4.Meperidine (Demerol) |
| Controlled substances | Drugs with a high potential for abuse and therefore must be locked up and counted daily:Morphine, Meperidine (Demerol), Fentanyl (Sublimaze) |
| Sedatives and tranquilizers | 1.Diazepam (Valium) *irritates small vessels and crystallizes when mixed 2.Midazolam (Versed) |
| Antagonists: | 1.Flumazenil (Romazicon) works against benzodiazepines 2.Naloxone (Narcan) works against opiates such as morphine |
| Local anesthetics: | Lidocaine (Xylocaine) With or without epinephrine |
| Paralytic (local anesthetics) | Succinylcholine chloride: Anectine is used paralyze smooth muscles to help in intubation |
| Hypoglycemic Agents: | 1.Insulin for Type I diabetes 2.Type II (non insulin dependent) -Metformin (Glucophage) *IV contrast has potential adverse affects for patients taking Metformin products |
| Before administering a medication | *Check the order *Verify the medication and check expiration date *Check for patient allergies *Wash your hands prior to medication preparation |
| 5 rights of medication administration | -Right dose -Right medication -Right patient -Right time -Right route *Read the label 3 times |
| Routes | *Enteral (oral, NG, and rectal) *Inhalation (vaporized) *Topical (onto the skin surface) *Sublingual or buccal (mucosal membrane) *Parenteral (IV, IM, Subq, etc) |
| Topical routes | Nifedipine (Procardia) Transdermal nitroglycerine Transdermal nicotine patch Scoplamine for vertigo |
| Rectal: | suppositories when patient is nauseated or unable to swallow |
| Sublingual | Nitroglycerin (NTG) For angina pectoris |
| Parenteral routes | Injected directly into the body and bypass the GI tract Requires hypodermic needles and syringes |
| the gauge | The diameter of a needle *18-22 is normally used for adults in radiology |
| Intrathecal | is injected into the spinal canal (not the cord) |
| IV Fluids | Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) ½ normal saline (0.45% sodium chloride) D5W (5% dextrose in water solution) Lactated Ringers solution |
| Extravasation (infiltration) | Leaking of IV fluid or medications into the tissue surrounding the vein |
| in case of infiltration | Stop injection immediately Call the nurse Try to remove as much fluid as possible Remove the needle Apply cold Incident report |
| discontinuing an IV | Wear gloves Get a gauze pad Remove in a long, smooth pulling motion Apply pressure for one minute or until bleeding stops |
| ACETAMINOPHEN (Tylenol) IBUPROFEN (Advil) ASPIRIN | Analgesics effect: relieve pain side effect: anticoagulant |
| NITROGLYCERIN HYDRALAZINE (Apresoline) | Vasodilators effect:relax the wall of blood vessels side effect:headache, hypotension, vomiting |
| EPINEPHRINE (Adrenalin) EPHEDRINE (Isuprel) | Adrenergics (vasoconstrictors) effect: bronchodilation, cardiac stimulation, vasoconstriction......... side effect: dry mouth |
| LIDOCAINE (Xylocaine) local | Anesthetics effect:promote loss of feeling or sensation side effect: nausea |
| HEPARIN (IV) WARFARIN (Coumadin,pill) | Anticoagulants effect: inhibit the clotting of the blood side effect:bruising, spontaneous bleeding |
| TIGAN | Antiemetics effect:relieve or prevent vomiting side effect: drowsiness, blurred visison |
| ASPIRIN ACETOMINOPHEN | Antipyretics effect: reduce fever |
| ALBUTEROL | Bronchodilators effect:dilate smooth muscle, treats asthma attack and allergic reactions side effect: insomnia, decreased appetite, vomiting.. |
| BISACODYL (Dulcolax) CASTOR OIL MAGNESIUM CITRATE | Cathartics effect: stimulates peristalsis, promotes defecation side effects: dehydration, cramps, weight loss |
| FUROSEMIDE (Lasix) CHLOROTHIAZIDE (Diuril) | Diuretics effects: stimulates the flow of urine side effects: cramps, metallic taste, fatigue |
| IPECAC | Emetics effect: stimulates vomiting |
| INSULIN METFORMIN (Glucoghage) | Hypoglycemics effect: lower blood sugar level side effect: contraindicated w/iodine contrast media for 48h after injection |
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