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A&P2 Chptr 2
Levels of Organization of the Human Body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All matter is composed of | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Atomic number equals | number of protons |
| Atomic mass number equals | number of protons and number of neutrons |
| Protons have a _____ charge | positive |
| Neutrons have a _____ charge | neutral |
| Electrons have a _____ charge | negative |
| Atoms bond to form | molecules |
| Atoms share electrons to form a | covalent bond |
| Atoms give up and receive electrons in an | ionic bond |
| Water's 5 vital functions in the body | 1. Allows for ions in solution 2. works as a lubricant 3. Aids in chemical and metabolic reactions 4. Helps with transportation of nutrients 5. Body temperature regulation |
| A solution is composed of a solute _____ in a solvent | dissolved |
| Hypertonic solution is _____ concentrated | more |
| Isotonic solution is _____ concentration | same |
| Hypotonic solution is _____ concentrated | less |
| The pH scale is used to measure _____ and _____ | acidity and alkalinity |
| 4 Types of Organic Molecules | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acid |
| Carbohydrates are classified by _____ _____ | molecular size |
| 3 Molecular sizes | 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides |
| Amino acids are the _____ _____ of proteins | building units |
| Proteins are made up of _____ _____ | Amino acids |
| Nucleotides are arranged in three-letter sequences called _____ | triplets |
| Triplets determine the _____ _____ | genetic code |
| A "word" in the genetic code is a _____ | gene |
| Molecules must _____ _____ to react | come together |
| Metabolism is the total of all the _____ _____ in the body | chemical reactions |
| All _____ is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons | matter |
| _____ _____ equals the number of protons | atomic number |
| _____ _____ _____ equals the number of protons and neutrons | Atomic mass number |
| _____ have a positive charge | Protons |
| _____ have a neutral charge | Neutrons |
| _____ have a negative charge | Electrons |
| _____ bond to form molecules | Atoms |
| Atoms share _____ to form a covalent bond | electrons |
| Atoms _____ _____ and _____ electrons in an ionic bond | give up, recieve |
| 1. Allows for ions in solution 2. works as a lubricant 3. Aids in chemical and metabolic reactions 4. Helps with transportation of nutrients 5. Body temperature regulation | Water's 5 vital functions in the body |
| A _____ is composed of a solute dissolved in a solvent | solution |
| A solution is composed of a _____ dissolved in a solvent | solute |
| A solution is composed of a solute dissolved in a _____ | solvent |
| _____ solution is more concentrated | Hypertonic |
| _____ solution is the same concentration | Isotonic |
| _____ solution is less concentrated | Hypotonic |
| The _____ _____ is used to measure acidity and alkalinity | pH scale |
| 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acid | 4 Types of Organic Molecules |
| _____ are classified by molecular size | Carbohydrates |
| 1. Monosaccharide 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides | 3 Molecular Sizes |
| _____ _____ are the building units of proteins | Amino acids |
| _____ are made up of amino acids | Proteins |
| _____ are arranged in three-letter sequences called triplets | Nucleotides |
| _____ determine the genetic code | Triplets |
| A "word" in the _____ _____ is a gene | genetic code |
| _____ must come together to react | Molecules |
| _____ is the total of all the chemical reactants in the body | Metabolism |
| How many genes are received from each parent? | 23 from mother, 23 from father |
| Reaction happens faster if | 1. The concentration of the reactant is increased 2. The speed of the reactants is increased by adding heat 3. A catalyst is used |
| Cellular respiration | one of the most important chemical reactions in the body |
| _____ _____ is one of the most important chemical reactions in the body | Cellular respiration |
| 1. The concentration of the reactant is increased 2. The speed of the reactants is increased by adding heat 3. A catalyst is used | Reactions happen faster |
| Cellular respiration yields energy which is used to produce molecules of _____ | ATP |
| The _____ _____ contains the usable form of energy for the cell | molecular ATP |
| The molecular ATP contains the _____ _____ of _____ for the cell | usable form, energy |
| Organelles are suspended within the cell in a fluid called _____ | cytoplasm |
| _____ are suspended within the cell in a fluid called cytoplasm | Organelles |
| Organelles are suspended _____ _____ _____ in a fluid called cytoplasm | within the cell |
| _____ _____ is a phospholipid bilayer that gives structure to the cell and regulates what may enter and leave the cell | Cell Membrane |
| _____ is the part of the cell that houses the DNA | Nucleus |
| _____ are organelles that perform cellular respiration and process the energy to ATP | Mitochondria |
| _____ areorganelles that assemble proteins | Ribosomes |
| _____ _____ is an extension of the nuclear membrane; rough ER is the site of protein synthesis; smooth ER is the site of lipid synthesis | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| _____ _____ are membrane-enclosed folds that inspect and modify proteins and lipids produced in the cell | Golgi Complexes |
| _____ _____ membrane packages that carry materials from the Golgi complex to the cell membrane for export from the cell | Secretory Vesicles |
| _____ membrane: bound packages of digestive enzymes | Lysosomes |
| 8 Organelles | 1. Cell Membrane 2. Nucleus 3. Mitochondria 4. Ribosomes 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum 6. Golgi Complexes 7. Secretory Vesicles 8. Lysosomes |
| Cell Membrane keeps the _____ fluid seperate from the _____ fluid | extracellular, intracellular |
| Cell Membrane Functions | 1. Give structure to the cell 2. Define what is intracellular and extracellular 3. Regulate what may enter or leave cell by membrane transport |
| _____ _____ keeps the extracellular fluid separate from the intracellular fluid | Cell Membrane |
| _____ _____ moves materials from area of high concentration to areas of low concentration with no energy required | Passive Transport |
| _____ forces smaller molecules in solution through membrane due to greater hydrostatic pressure on one side | Filtration |
| _____ _____ is the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration | Simple Diffusion |
| _____ _____ occurs in gases and liquids and in living and non-living things | Simple Diffusion |
| _____ _____ depends on temperature, molecular weight, concentration gradient, and membrane surface area | Simple Diffusion |
| _____ _____ is a special type for molecules that cannot diffuse directly through the cell membrane and is also common for glucose and amino acids | Facilitated Diffusion |
| _____ is a diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | Osmosis |
| Water always diffuses from a _____ solution into a _____ solution. | hypotonic, hypertonic |
| _____ plasma can cause red blood cells to swell and burst, or lyse | Hypotonic |
| Hypotonic can cause red blood cells to swell and burst, or _____ | lyse |
| Hypertonic plasma can cause red blood cells to shrivel up or _____ | crenate |
| _____ plasma can casue red blood cells to shrivel up, or crenate | Hypertonic |
| Too much water, not enough air | Hypotonic |
| Just enough water, just enough air | Isotonic |
| Not enough water, too much air | Hypertonic |
| _____ _____ moves materials across a cell membrane from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration | Active Transport |
| _____ _____ requires energy | Active Transport |
| _____ _____ moves large quantities of materials, not individual molecules, across a cell membrane | Bulk Transport |
| _____ is material moved into the cell | Endocytosis |
| _____ is material moved out of the cell | Exocytosis |
| Protein Synthesis' 2-step process | 1. Transcription 2. Translation |
| Before cells divide, the _____ is tightly packed into _____ chromosomes | DNA, 46 |
| _____ is the type of cell division in sperm and egg production | Meiosis |
| _____ is the method of cell division used by all cells other than those producing sperm and eggs | Mitosis |
| _____ is the changing of DNA | Mutation |
| _____ is the study of tissues | Histology |
| 4 Basic Classifications of Tissues | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
| _____ covers and lines all body surfaces | Epithelial Tissue |
| _____ covers organs and vessels and ducts | Epithelial Tissue |
| _____ lines hollow organs, vessels, and ducts | Epithelial Tissue |
| _____ contains glandular tissue | Epithelial Tissue |
| _____ _____ are names for the shape of the cells and for the number of layers of the cells | Epithelial Tissues |
| Shapes of cells | 1. Squamous = flat 2. Cuboid = square around 3. Columnar = tall |
| Squamos | flat |
| Cuboid | square round |
| Columnar | tall |
| Number of cell layers | 1. Simple= one layer 2. Stratified= multiple layers 3. Pseudostratified= one layer that appears multilayered |
| Simple | one layer |
| Stratified | multiple layers |
| Pseudostratified | one layer that appears multilayered |
| _____ _____ is the most abundant body tissue | Connective Tissue |
| _____ _____ _____ _____ is found in the tendons and ligaments | Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
| Where is Dense Regular Connective Tissue found | tendons and ligaments |
| _____ _____ is composed of cells with a high concentration of proteins | Muscle Tissue |
| 3 Main Types of Muscle Tissue | 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac |
| _____ _____ is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves | Nervous Tissue |
| 2 Main Types of Cells | 1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia |
| Neurons are | conducting impulses |
| Neurolgia are | supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect the neurons |
| _____ _____ is normally done through hyperplasia or hypertrophy | Tissue Growth |
| Tissues grow abnormally to form _____ or tumors | neoplasms |
| Hyperplasia is | making more cells |
| Hypertrophy is | making existing cells bigger |
| Neoplasms may be _____ or _____ | benign, melignant |
| Benign is | a tumor that does not invade surrounding tissue or spread to other parts of the body and is not a cancer |
| Malignant is | a tumor tending to become progressively worse and to result in death |
| Malignant neoplasms may break apart and travel to other areas of the body through _____ | Metastasis |
| _____ is the change of tissue from one type to another | Metaplasia |
| Metaplasia change may be _____ or _____ | physiologic, pathologic |
| _____ is the shrinkage of tissue due to age or disuse | Atrophy |
| _____ is the premature death of tissue | Necrosis |
| _____ is the death of tissue due to an insufficient blood supply, usaully associated with an infection | Gangrene |
| If tissue teath is sudden, it is called _____ | Infraction |
| _____ is programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| 11 Body | 1. Integumentary 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous 5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovasculer 7. Lymphatic 8. Respiratory 9. Digestive 10. Excretory/Urinary 11. Reproductive |
| Which body system acts as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world? | Integumentary |
| Which body system supports movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage, and endocrine regulation? | Skeletal |
| Which body system is responsible for the movement of the human body? | Muscular |
| Which body system controls the body and communication among its parts? | Nervous |
| Which body system regulates body growth, metabolism, and sexual development? | Endocrine |
| Which body system is responsible for blood circulation through a network of vessels throughout the body to provide cells with oxygen and nutrients and helps dispose of wastes? | Cardiovascular |
| Which body system is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues and transports white blood cells to and from lymph nodes to bones? | Lymphatic |
| Which body system takes in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we breath? | Respiratory |
| Which body system breaks down food and delivers nutrients to cells through bloodstream? | Digestive |
| Which body system removes liquid waste from blood, balances salt, and produces red blood cells? | Urinary |
| Which body system is responsible for either producing egg cells and protecting and nourishing offspring until birth, or to produce and deposit sperm? | Reproductive |
Created by:
kagome200007
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