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Bio Psych Kalat 12E
Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reflex Arc | A circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response |
| Reflexes | Automatic muscular responses to stimuli |
| Temporal Summation | A cumulative of repeated stimuli within a brief time |
| Presynaptic Neuron | Neuron that delivers transmission to another neuron |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | Neuron that receives transmission from another neuron |
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (ESPS) | Graded Depolarization |
| Spatial Summation | Combination of effects of activity from two or more synapses onto a single neuron |
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (ISPS) | Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane |
| Spontaneous Firing Rate | A periodic production of action potentials even without synaptic input |
| Synapse | A specialized gap as a point of communication between two neurons |
| Acetylcholine | A chemical similar to an amino acid, except that it includes an N(CH3)3 group instead of an NH2 group |
| Acetylcholinesterase | A chemical similar to an amino acid, except that it includes an N(CH)3 group instead of an NH2 group |
| Amino Acid | Acids containing an amine group |
| Amphetamine | A drug that blocks reuptake of dopamine and other neurotransmitters |
| Anandamide | Chemical that binds to cannabinoid receptors |
| Antierior Pituitary | Portion of the pituitary gland, composed of glandular tissue |
| Autoreceptors | Receptor on a presynaptic neuron that responds to the released transmitter by inhibiting further release of it |
| Cannabinoids | Chemical related to D^9-THC |
| Catecholamines | Compounds that contain a catechol and an amine group |
| Cocaine | A drug that blocks reuptake of dopamine |
| COMT | Enzyme that breaks down excess dopamine into inactive chemicals that cannot stimulate the dopamine receptors |
| Endocrine Glands | Hormone-producing glands |
| Exocytosis | A release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft that separates one neuron from another |
| Gap Junction | A direct contact of one neuron with another, enabling electrical transmission |
| G Protein | A protein coupled to guanosine triphosphate (GTP), an energy-storing molecule |
| Gases | One of the categories of neurotransmitters, including nitric oxide and possibly others |
| Hallucinogenic Drugs | Drugs that distort perception |
| Hormone | Chemical that is secreted by cells in one part of the body and conveyed by the blood to influence other cells |
| Ionotropic Effects | Synaptic effects that depend on the rapid opening of some kind of gate in the membrane |
| Ligand-gated Channels | Channel that opens when a neurotransmitter attaches |
| Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) | Enzyme that converts catecholamines and serotonin into synoptically inactive forms |
| Metabotropic Effects | A sequence of metabolic reactions that produce slow and long-lasting effects at a synapse |
| Methylphenidate | Stimulant drug prescribed for ADHD that increases the stimulation of dopamine synapses by blocking the reuptake of dopamine by presynaptic neuron |
| Monoamines | Chemicals formed buy a change in certain amino acids |
| Neuromodulators | Synthesizes neuropeptides in the cell body and then slowly transports them to other parts of the cell |
| Neuropeptides | Chains of amino acids |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals released by neurons that affect other neurons |
| Nicotine | A stimulant drug that stimulates certain acetylcholine receptors |
| Nitric Oxide | A gas released by many small local neurons |
| Opiate Drugs | Drugs derived from the opium poppy. Morphine, Heroin, and Methadone |
| Oxytocin | Hormone released by posterior pituitary; important for sexual and parental behaviors |
| Peptide Hormones | Hormones composed of short chains of amino acids. |
| Pituitary Glands | An endocrine gland attached to the base of the hypothalamus |
| Posterior Pituitary | Portion of the pituitary gland, which releases hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus |
| Protein Hormones | Hormones composed of long chains of amino acids |
| Purines | A category of chemicals including adenosine and several of its derivatives |
| Releasing Hormones | Hormone released by the hypothalamus that flows through the blood to the anterior pituitary |
| Reuptake | Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal |
| Second Messenger | A chemical that, when activated by a neurotransmitter, initiates communication to many areas within the neuron |
| Transmitter-gated Channels | ion channel that opens temporarily when a neurotransmitter binds to it |
| Transporters | Special membrane protein where reuptake occurs in the neurotransmitter |
| Vasopressin | (antidiuretic hormone) Hormone released by posterior pituitary; raises blood pressure and enables kidneys to conserve water |
| Vesicles | Tiny nearly spherical packets filled with neurotransmitter molecules |
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kassmea
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