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4B: Consciousness
AP Psych - Bellanca - States of Consciousness
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Consciousness | Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |
| Biological Rhythms | Periodic physiological fluctuations. |
| Circadian rhythm | aka "The biological clock"; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) |
| Altered states of consciousness | mental state that differs noticeably from normal waking consciousness; Examples: sleep, daydreaming, dreaming, meditation, hypnosis, influence of drugs and alcohol |
| Non-REM stage of sleep (NREM) | Stages 1-4; alternates with REM stages during the sleep cycle |
| Wakefulness | state while awake and reasonable alert (has beta waves) |
| Alpha Waves | Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. |
| Theta Waves | even larger and slower than the alpha waves. Appear in sleep stage 1 |
| Delta Waves | large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. |
| Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) | AKA paradoxical sleep; muscles are immobilized but other body systems are active; dreaming occurs |
| REM paralysis | during REM sleep, your body is paralyzed and not moving |
| Sleep deprivation | A loss of sleep, that can impair one's ability to retain new information and to think well |
| Nightmares | Vivid & disturbing dream during REM |
| Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) | Performing motor acts while asleep; dangerous if they fall down stairs, etc. It is SAFE to wake a sleepwalker :) |
| Night Terrors | high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; usually in children occur during stage 4 sleep |
| Insomnia | Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |
| Sleep Apnea | temporary cessations (stopping) of breathing during sleep |
| Narcolepsy | sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks |
| Dreams | sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind |
| Manifest Content | remembered story line of a dream |
| Latent Content | underlying meaning of a dream |
| REM Rebound | tendency for REM sleep to increase REM sleep deprivation |
| Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis | neuro-biological theory of dreams; dreams are created by changes in neuron activity that activates the brainstem during REM sleep. |
| Hypnosis | trance-like state where a person who is open to suggestions |
| Dissociation | split in consciousness (allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others) |
| Psychoactive drugs | chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. |
| Physical dependence | physiological (biological) need for a drug (marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued) |
| Withdrawal | discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug |
| Psychological dependence | psychological need to use a drug (such as to relieve negative emotions) |
| Stimulants | Category of drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
| Amphetamines | Stimulants; increase alertness, suppress appetite; resembles epinephrine ("pep pills," Ecstasy, speed, meth) |
| Depressants | Category of drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions |
| Barbiturates | aka tranquilizers; Depressants; slow the CNS; loss of motor coordination, slurred speech, confusion |
| Benzodiazepines | like Valium and Xanax; Depressants; sedative (sleep inducing), anti-anxiety, anti-convulsion, and muscle relaxing properties. |
| Narcotics | (opiates) dulls the senses & induces feelings of euphoria, well-being, and relation |
| Hallucinogens | Psychedelic ("mind manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. |
| Sleep | Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness - as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. |
| Tolerance | diminishing effect with regulare use of the same dose of a drug |
| Sleep Spindles | During stage 2; brief bursts of activity lasting 1-2 sec. |
| Ernest Hilgard | research on hypnosis: dissociation theory of split consciousness-hynotized part of brain and an independent observer which works independently (arm in ice water test) |
| William James | Stream of consciousness: The conscious experience of an individual regarded as a continuous, flowing series of images and ideas running through the mind. |
| Sigmund Freud | believed all dreams possess meaning, should be interpreted |
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