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Forensic Psychology
Exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Clinicians that have no data on rates of false positives and false negative predictions | are not using actuarial assessments |
| Are thought be to better predictors of aggression than any specific diagnosis. | Active psychotic symptoms |
| are more than twice as likely to report violent behaviors than those with schizophrenia | Subjects with substance abuse diagnoses |
| Accurate prediction of any behavior is | difficult |
| Mental health professionals have historically | over-predicted dangerousness |
| Statistically derived, Higher interrater reliability, more accurate rating behaviors/events than subjective factors, Yields specific recidivism number for subjects in index sample with the same score as client, good for defusing adversarial process | Actuarial Assessment |
| Major area forensic psychologists work in | civil commitments, dangerousness |
| How opinions have changed over time with no science to back it up | historicl perspective of predicting risk assessment |
| Actuarial Assessments (year) | 1994 |
| Many individuals discharged from mental health treatment | aren’t soon to be violent |
| The degree to which you can predict an event will occur (i.e., those who will be violent) | Sensitivity |
| The degree to which you can predict an event will not occur (i.e., those who won’t be violent) | Specificity |
| shift from predicting dangerousness to assessing risk, Blends clinical & actuarial methods, empirically supported risk factors & less clinical impression. Structured methodology to compare probabilities & describe factors that increase or decrease risk | Structured Risk Assessments |
| Structured Risk Assessment-may help to identify: | Risk and protective factors Types of violence which may occur under what conditions and the expected degree of harm General probability estimates from similar samples of persons. |
| Dangerousness Assessments should probably include (at minimum) the following methods of evaluation: | Review of records: Current medical record Review prior mental reports bearing on dangerousness Review of treatment records from other facilities Review records regarding charges (if applicable) |
| Most predictive Risk Factor for Violence | Hx of violence |
| Second most predictive Risk Factor for Violence | Substance abuse |
| Interpersonally grandiose, egocentric, manipulative and deviant during interactions Affectively shallow, with labile emotions marked by lack of empathy, guilt or remorse Behaviorally impulsive and sensation seeking. | Psychopathy |
| stable either because it was a historical event or is an individual; attribute that is stable over time; not changeable | Static |
| may be influenced by treatment or other factors; change over time and situation | Dynamic |
| Current data suggest that | clinicians are prone to overestimate the value of dynamic variables |
| To date, there does not appear to be | convincing data that dynamic variables (e.g., completing a sex offender treatment program, quitting alcohol abuse) significantly affect risk |
| Requires judgments of risk characteristics & not a formal psychological test with objective tasks Do not conduct with only partial information or in hurried manner, Items coded on 3-point scale according to the certainty that a risk factor is present | scoring risk assessment |
| The use of standardized psychological tests (i.e., MMPI, PAI) can provide | assistance in judging symptoms of mental illness, substance abuse problems, unresponsiveness to treatment, etc. |
| A person could have a low score, but be at high risk because of a single factor, such as: | Active symptoms of a major mental illness Extreme psychopathic traits |
| a person could be at low risk despite a high overall score, such as: | Severe physical disability Comatose state |
| Risk probably depends not just on the number of factors present, but | the combination of specific factors. |
| Risk may vary greatly depending upon | setting |
| Psychopathy consists of | both personality traits and antisocial behavior |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) and Psychopathy are | not the same thing. |
| Mstr’s or higher social, medical, or behavior sciences, Cmpltd graduate crses in psychopathology, stats, & psychometric thry, Familiar w/clin.& resrch lit. on psychopathy,Lglly auth. to conduct assessments, Exp. w/for. /rel. populations, trng/experience u | Hare psychopathy User Qualifications: |
| Conduct collateral reviews in order to: | Evaluate the credibility of information obtained during the patient interview Determine if the interactional style exhibited by the individual was representative of his/her usual behavior Make ratings on some specific items |
| refers to the process of conceptualizing various hazards in order to make judgments about their likelihood & the need for various preventative measures | risk assessment |
| judgments of the nature of the hazard, likelihood of occurrance, frequency of occurrance, seriousness of the consequences, & the imminence of occurrence | concept of risk |
| primary goal of psychological assessment | attempt to make predictions about future behavior based on some set of factors that are combined into a predictive scheme |
| prediction based on clinical experience and judgment | clinical prediction |
| based on a statistical scheme or formula | actuarial prediction |
| based on a specific analysis of how a particular person has acted in the past in similar situations | anamnestic prediction |
| predictions of the likelihood of reoffending for purposes of probation, parole, sex offending status, decisions about releasing into the community | prediction of dangerousness |
| name of risk assessment measurement | HCR-20 |
| developed by Harris to predict violent recidivism | VRAG-violence Risk appraisal guide |
| the best predictor of violence recidivism was | psychopathy |
| refers to people who repeatedly committed criminal acts for which they feel little or no remorse | psychopathy |
| self-reported experiences related to thoughts, feelings, or behavior | symptoms |
| observed behavior which may imply certain thoughts or feelings Open to (mis)interpretation | Signs |
| a set of symptoms that may exist together and may imply a disorder. | Syndrome |
| a clinically significant behavioral or psychological pattern associated with present distress or disability | Disorder |
| A disorder is a________; but a syndrome is not necessarily a recognized _________ | syndrome; disorder |
| extreme stressor occurred, Persistent re-experiencing of event, Persistent avoidance of trauma stimuli Numbing of gen. responsiveness, Persistent increased arousal, Duration must be more than 1 mo. & cause clinically significant distress or impairment | PTSD |
| Approximately______ of American adults suffer PTSD | 8%-9% |
| twice as common in women Women more than men | PTSD |
| are 3X more likely to have major depression and 4X more likely to have PTSD symptoms | Rape victims |
| symptoms occur and resolve within a 4-week period. | Acute Stress Disorder |
| First used by Lenore Walker in 1979, Not empirically validated Observed a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional features Feelings of helplessness, Low self-esteem, Depression | Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) |
| a woman's presumed reactions to a pattern of continual physical and psychological abuse inflicted on her by her mate | Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS) |
| stage 1: tension-building (trying to please; eventually can’t) stage 2: acute battering stage 3: honeymoon or contrition | Stages to the abusing relationship: |
| equal force or force necessary to repel imminent danger. | Self-defense: |
| causing serious bodily damage or death based upon a reasonable perception that the level of force used was necessary. danger-based on perceptions | Imminent danger: |
| an affirmative self-defense The justification is protection of self or others | BWS |
| It is based upon whether their belief was reasonable Typically requires evidence of prior violence against the defendant or others | Subjective definition of self-defense: |
| What the average person would have done If the act was based on a genuine belief but unreasonable, it is used for mitigation | The objective definition of self defense: |
| Rarely used/often unsuccessful, Often kill during periods not battered, Contrary to the “victim” role, Not insanity defense-affirmative defense, Less effective when strategic or aggressive, More effective if appear helpless & dependent, emotional & cognit | BWS |
| killing one’s child Child abuse Delusions To “spare the child” (e.g., depressed world view, abuse, etc.) Antisocial act (to be with a partner, punish a partner, etc.) | Filicide: |
| killing of infant below 2 years of age 2/3 younger than 6 days old when killed by mothers Unwanted children | Infanticide: |
| killing of infant within 24 hours after birth Typically trying to hide the pregnancy. Child murder- Most infant homicides caused by neglect, abuse, or carelessness When fatal more likely to have been poor. | Neonaticide: |
| About ________ children murdered a yea | 1,200 to 1,500 |
| Not a diagnosis-a Major Depressive Disorder specifier | Postpartum Depression (PPD) |
| Postpartum psychosis rare, but | supportable as a defense |
| Relationship between postpartum depression and infanticide | not been supported by research |
| Excessive medical attention of child sought by parent Medical syndromes falsified or directly induced all socioeconomic levels Victims usually 6 months to 8 years of age Both sexes are equally victimized Prevalence or incidence is unknown | Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSBP) |
| Concept of repression began with | Freud. |
| the only critical evidence in 80,000 U.S. cases a year. | Eyewitness testimony |
| It is estimated that between ________ people are wrongly convicted each year based on eyewitness testimony. | 2,000 and 10,000 |
| Inability to recall important personal information, usually traumatic/ stressful nature. | Dissociative Amnesia |
| has errors, but is typically accurate across many different situations. | Memory |
| people change past memories to satisfy current knowledge and needs. | Constructivist approach to memory: |
| When new information is added about an event, memories are often blended together, constructing a new memory. | repisodic memory |
| the batterer explodes into uncontrollable rage, leading to injuries to the woman | acute battering stage. |
Created by:
klmd3014
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