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MrsVanDyke Chapter 6
Memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Memory | Human, animal, or machine --that encodes, stores, and receives information |
| Information-Processing Model | Cognitive understanding of memory, emphasizing how information is changed when it is encoded, stored, and retrieved |
| Encoding | One of the three basic tasks of memory, involving the modification of information to fit the preferred format fo the memory system |
| Storage | One of the three basic tasks of memory, involving the retention of encoded material over time |
| Retrieval | Third basic task of memory, involving the location and recovery of information from memory |
| Eidetic Imagery | Especially clear and persistent form of memory that is quite rare; sometimes known as "photographic memory" |
| Sensory Memory | Second of three memory stages, and the most limited capacity, preserving brief sensory impressions of stimuli |
| Working Memory | Second of three memory stages, and the most limited capicity; preserves recently perceived events or experiences for less than a minute without rehearsal |
| Long-Term Memory (LTM) | Third of three memory stages, with the largest capacity and longest duration; stores material organized according to meaning |
| Chunking | Organizing pieces of information into a smaller number of meaningful units -- a process that frees up space in working memory |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | Working-memory process in which information is merely repeated or reviewed to keep it from fading while in working memory |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | Working-memory process in which information is actively received and related to information already in LTM |
| Acoustic Encoding | Conversion of information, especially semantic information, to sound patterns in working memory |
| Levels-of-Processing Theory | Explanation for the fact that information that is more thoroughly connected to meaningful items in long-term memory will be remembered better |
| Procedural Memory | Division of LTM that stores memories for how things are done |
| Declarative Memory | Division of LTM that stores explicit information; aka fact memory |
| Episodic Memory | Subdivision of declaritive memory that stores memory for personal events or "episodes" |
| Sematic Memory | Subdivision of declaritive memory that stores general knowledge, includign the meanings of words and concepts |
| Engram | Physical changes in the brain associated with a memory; aka memory trace |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Inability to form memories for new information |
| Consolidation | Process by which short-term memories are changed to long-term memories over a period of time |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Inabiltity to remember information previously stored in memory |
| Flashbulb Memory | Clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event |
| Implicit Memory | Memory that was not deliberately learned or of which you have no conscious awareness |
| Explicit Memory | Memory that has been processed with attention and can be consciously recalled |
| Retrieval Cues | Stimuli that are usd to bring a memory to consciousness or into behavior |
| Priming | Technique for cuing implicit memories by providing cues that stimulate a memory without awareness of the connection between the cue and the retrieved memory |
| Recall | Retrieval method in which one must reproduce previously presented information |
| Recognition | Retrieva method in which one must identify present stimuli as having been previously presented |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | Doctrine that memory is encoded and stored |
| Mood-Congruent Memory | Memory process that selectively retrieves memories that match one's mood |
| TOT Phenomenon | Inability to recall a word, while knowing that it is in memory. People often describe this frustratig experience as having the word "on the tip of their tongue" |
| Transience | Impermanence of a long-term memory. Based on idea that memories fade over time |
| Forgetting Curve | Graph plotting the amount of retention and forgetting over time for a certain batch of material, such as a list of nonsense syllables; steep at first and becomes flatter as times goes on |
| Absent-Mindedness | Forgetting caused by lapses in attention |
| Blocking | Forgetting that occurs when an item in memory cannot be accessed or retrieved. caused by interference |
| Proactive Interference | Cause of forgetting by which previously stored information prevents learning and remembering new information |
| Retroactive Interference | Cause of forgetting by which newly learned information prevents retrieval of previously stored material |
| Serial Position Effect | Form of interference related to the sequence in which information is presented; generally items in the middle of the sequence are less well remembered than items presented first or last |
| Misattribution | Memory fault that occurs when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person |
| Suggestibility | Process of memory distortion as the result of deliberate or inadvertent suggestion |
| Misinformation Effect | Distortion of memory by suggestion or misinformation |
| Expectancy Bias | In memory, a tendency to distort recalled events to make them fit one's expectations |
| Self-Consistency Bias | Commonly held idea that we are more consistent in our attitudes, opinions, and beliefs than we actually are |
| Persistence | Memory problem in which unwanted memories cannot be put out of mind |
| Mnemonics | Techniques for improving memory, especially by making connections between new material and information already in long-term memory |
| Method of Loci | Mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical location |
| Natural Language Mediators | Words associated with new information to be remembered |
| Language Acquisition Device (LAD) | Biologically organized mental structure in the brain that facilitates the learning of language because it is innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar |
| Grammar | Rules of language, specifying how to use words, morphemes, and syntax to produce understandable sentences |
| Morphemes | Meaningful units of language that make up words |
| Overregularization | Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms |
| Computer Metaphor | Idea that the brain is an information-processing organ that operates, in some ways, like a computer |
| Concepts | Mental representations of categories of items or ideas, based on exprience |
| Natural Concepts | Mental representations of objects and events drawn from our direct experience |
| Artificial Concepts | Concepts defined by rules, such as word definitions and mathematical formulas |
| Concept Hierarchies | Levels of concepts, from most general to most specific in which a more general level includes more specific concepts |
| Event-Related Potentials | Brain waves shown on the EEG in response to stimulation |
| Schema | Knowledge cluster or general conceptual framework that provides expectations about topics, events, objects, people, and situations in one's life |
| Script | Cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings |
| Algorithms | Problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied |
| Heuristics | Cognitive strategies or "rules of thumb" used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks |
| Mental Set | Tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for previous problem |
| Functional Fixedness | Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; a form of mental set |
| Hindsight Bias | Tendency, after learning about an event, to "second guess" or believe that one could have predicted the event in advance |
| Anchoring Bias | Faulty heuristic caused by basing a estimate on a completely unrelated quantity |
| Representativeness Bias | Faulty heuristic strategy based on the presumption that once people or eents are categorized, they share all the features they share all the features of other members in the category |
| Availability Bias | Faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on information that can be recalled from personal experience |
| Creativity | mental process that produces novel responses that contribute to the solutions of problems |
| Aptitudes | Innate potentialities (as contrasted with abilities acquired by learning) |
| Whole Method | Mnemonic strategy of first approaching the material to be learned "as a whole," forming an impression of the overall meaning of the material. The details are later associated with this overall impression |
| Distributed Learning | Technique whereby the learner spaces learning sessions over time, rather than trying to learn the material all in one study period |
| Overlearning | Strategy whereby the learner continues to study and rehearse the material after it has been initially brought to mastery |
Created by:
MrsVanDyke
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